الفهرس 
Aim of the workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The newly emergent human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), resulting in epidemics and pandemics.
As of April 18th 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has caused more than 2,000,000 infections and 100,000 deaths worldwide.
COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection is a global pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 infection can result in a range of clinical manifestations, from asymptomatic or mild infection to severe COVID19 that requires hospitalization. Patients who are hospitalized often progress to severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Patients with COVID-19 typically have higher inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α compared with healthy individuals. Furthermore, patients with COVID-19 experience elevated levels of serologic indicators of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and procalcitonin. These inflammatory cytokines may also alter the levels of various blood cell lineages and notably cause lymphocytopenia
Several other studies seemed to support these findings, and this confluence of study results has been used as evidence to suggest the existence of relationship between Piv and prediction of mortality in patients with sever covid 19.
A number of studies have suggested that d- dimer and procalcitonin are important to predict severity and mortality in patients with covid 19. Patients with elevated d- dimer and procalcitonin tended to have worse prognosis and more severe disease.
The aim of this study was to estimate the value of pan- immuneinflammation (PIV) to predict early mortality in adults with severs COVID-19.
PIV is calculated as 𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 𝐍𝐞𝐮𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐥 (103/mmc) x 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐭 (103/mmc)x 𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐜𝐲𝐭𝐞 (103/mmc) 𝐋𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐜𝐲𝐭𝐞𝐬 (103/mmc)
This retrospective observational study was conducted on 200 adult patients with laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 attended to the hospitals and intensive care units (ICU),at Shebin El-Kom teaching Hospital and ICU of internal medicine department at Menoufia University Hospital in the period from September 2021 to October 2022
The main results of the study revealed that:
Mean age among included cases was (47.58±18.36 years) with male predominance 66% of cases, As regard presenting symptoms 82.5% of cases had fever, 92.5% had cough ,81.5% had shortness of breathing and 56.5% had digestive symptoms, 70.5% of cases had co morbidities and 29.5% were free, most common co morbidities was HTN in 46%, asthma in 27.5% and DM in 50%, (12.5 %) 0f the studied group have HBV, (7%) have HCV. As regard treatment used all cases received antiviral therapy , 71.5% received anticoagulant, 42.5% received antibiotic, and steroids given in 33.5% of cases, 52% of cases received non-invasive mechanical ventilation, 36% Invasive mechanical ventilation and high oxygen flow nasal cannula given for 12% of cases.