الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Insect hemolymph is a vital functioning fluid that resembles the blood in vertebrates. It plays a major role in immune responses and nutrients transportation to nourish the insect organs and tissues. Hemolymph, as mediator of immune responses and nutrients circulation, can be used as physiological marker of an insect’s health, diet or ecological status adaptation. Bees are one of the major groups of insects in the world; including various species that differ in their life styles and accordingly differ in their immune responses and bio-actions to infections. The three studied bee species include social bees: Apis mellifera and solitary bees: Xylocopa pubescens and Chalicodoma siculum. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the intraspecific and interspecific variations among the hemolymph of honey bees collected from four Egyptian localities characterized by food diversities and abundances (intraspecific) and then comparing that of honey bees to the other bee species (interspecific) by applying SDS gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography. Anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant and hemolytic activities of the hemolymph of these species were evaluated.