الفهرس 
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Abstract
Materials made of plastic are quite appealing. They were developed as a response to the dearth and expensive price of raw materials including tortoiseshell, ivory, and animal bones. Current plastics stand out for their strength, adaptation, purity, resilience, light weight, and hygiene (in biomedical applications), to name a few, and their progress and further development have beyond predictions (Syakti et al., 2017).
These excellent qualities led to the widespread production of plastics during the past ten years, reaching a global annual production of 359 million tonnes (Mt) of plastic in 2018. (i.e. ca. 48 kg per earth inhabitant per year). Packing, building and construction, automotive, electric and electronic, farming, home, leisure and sports, and other industries, comprising appliances, mechanics, engineering, furniture, and medical applications, were classified into demand for plastic (Cho et al., 2021).
Plastics have significant societal benefits, although there is increasing ecological worry over this resource. Presently, only around 32.5% of plastic waste is recycled, 42.6% of it is used for energy recovery, and 24.9% of it is dumped in landfills; nonetheless, this trash can end up in rivers, lakes, or the ocean. By 2050, it is anticipated that there will be around 12,000 Mt of plastic waste in landfills or the ecosystem if this trend persists (Setälä et al., 2019)
The 1970s saw the first reports of plastic contamination in the oceans, but they received little attention. The majority of plastic produced now is used in packaging. Polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are the polymers most frequently used for packaging; thus, these substances are most frequently found as pollutants in seas (Lusher et al., 2017).