الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was conducted at Animal Production Research Institute (APRI), Egypt, in cooperation with Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University during the period from December 2017 to May 2018. 5.1. Experimental animal and periods: Total of 20 newborn buffalo calves were used in this study. With average live body weight of 38.43±0.63Kg were used after suckling their dam’s colostrum for three days. Calves were divided into four groups (5 calves / group) according to live body weight and month of birth. The whole experimental period was lasted for 105 days where it staged for consecutive three periods (35 days each), the first one (EP1) was serves as (beginning period) form the birth until 35 days of age. The second one (EP2) was extended from 36 to 70 days pre-weaning (pre-weaning period). The third period (EP3) was continued from 71 to 105 days of age (weaning period). 5.2. Experimental nutrition and design: After parturition, newborn calves were fed on 1.5-2 kg of colostrum from their dams by feeding bottle within 30 minute, and then they were suckled from their dams for three consecutive days, each calf was artificially suckled its dam milk twice daily at a rate of 10% of their body weight for 6 weeks. Then, the amount of milk was weekly decreased by 1% of live body weight (LBW) up to weaning age (105 d of age). from 3-15 wk of age, calves were fed ad libitum on the starter, berseem hay and rice straw. Fresh drinking water was offered at free choice to all calves all day times. Throughout the experimental period, all calves were free of diseases (pneumonia, diarrhea, and enteritis) and no mortality was recorded. At the beginning of the experiment, newborn calves were divided into four groups (5 calves / group). The 1st one was the untreated control group. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups were treated with wheat germ oil (WGO) alone by oral administration at 0.3, 0.6, and 0.09 /kg respectively, calves were assigned randomly to the following treatments: - 5.3. Effect of oral administration of wheat germ oil as an antioxidant on: 5.3.1. Live weight at calving and growth rate of calves. Results showed that all growth performance measurements was significantly (P<0.05) improved by wheat germ oil treatment, being the highest in G2 moderate in G3, and the lowest in the G4 and control group G1. 5.3.2. Blood plasma biochemical: 5.3.2.1. Total proteins: Results showed that concentration of plasma total proteins was significantly (P<0.05) improved by wheat germ oil (WGO) treatment, being the increased in G2 moderate in G3, and the decreased in the G4 and control group G1, in all experiment periods. 5.3.2.2. Albumin: Results showed that concentration of plasma albumin was non-significantly (P<0.05) improved by wheat germ oil (WGO) treatment, slightly increased in G2 followed by G3, and the decreased in the G4 and control group G1, in all experiment periods. 5.3.2.3. Globulin: Results showed that concentration of plasma globulin was significantly (P<0.05) improved by wheat germ oil (WGO) treatment, being the increased in G2 followed by G3, G4 and control group G1, in all experiment periods. 5.3.2.4. Glucose: Results showed that concentration of plasma glucose was significantly (P<0.05) improved by wheat germ oil (WGO) treatment, being the increased in G2 moderate in G3, and the decreased in the G4 and control group G1, in all experiment periods. 5.4. Lipid profile: 5.4.1. Total lipids: Results showed that concentration of plasma total lipids was significantly (P<0.05) improved by wheat germ oil (WGO) treatment, being the increased in G2 moderate in G3, and the decreased in the G4 and control group G1, in all experiment periods. 5.4.2. Total cholesterol: Results showed that concentration of plasma total cholesterol was significantly (P<0.05) improved by wheat germ oil (WGO) treatment, being the increased in G2 2 followed by G3, G4 and control group G1, in all experiment periods. 92 Summary 5.5. Kidney and liver function: 5.5.1. Urea concentration: Results showed that concentration of plasma urea was significantly (P<0.05) improved by wheat germ oil (WGO) treatment, being the decreased in G2 2 followed by G3, G4 and the increased in control group G1, in all experiment periods. 5.5.2. Creatinine concentration: Results showed that concentration of plasma creatinine was significantly (P<0.05) improved by wheat germ oil (WGO) treatment, being the shortest in G2 2 followed by G3, G4 and the highest in control group G1, in all experiment periods. 5.5.3. Aspartate-aminotransferase concentration (AST): Results showed that concentration of plasma aspartate-aminotransferase was significantly (P<0.05) improved by wheat germ oil (WGO) treatment, being the shortest in G2 2 followed by G3, G4 and the highest in control group G1, in all experiment periods. 5.5.4. Alanine-aminotransferase concentration (ALT): Results showed that concentration of plasma alanine-aminotransferase was significantly (P<0.05) improved by wheat germ oil (WGO) treatment, being the shortest in G2 2 followed by G3, G4 and the highest in control group G1, in all experiment periods. 5.6. Hematological parameters: 5.6.1. Red blood cells (RBCs): Results showed that red blood cells (RBCs) concentration (106/mm3) was significantly (P<0.05) improved by wheat germ oil (WGO) treatment, being the increased in G2 moderate in G3, and the decreased in the G4 and control group G1, in all experiment periods. 5.6.2. White blood cells (WBCs): Results showed that white blood cells (WBCs) concentration (103/mm3) was significantly (P<0.05) improved by wheat germ oil (WGO) treatment, being the increased in G2 moderate in G3, and the decreased in the G4 and control group G1, in all experiment periods. 5.6.3. Hemoglobin (Hb): Results showed that hemoglobin (Hb) concentration (g/dl) was significantly (P<0.05) improved by wheat germ oil (WGO) treatment, being the increased in G2 moderate in G3, and the decreased in the G4 and control group G1, in all experiment periods. 5.6.4. Packed cell volume (PCV %): Results showed that packed cell volume (PCV %) was significantly (P<0.05) improved by wheat germ oil (WGO) treatment, being the increased in G2 moderate in G3, and the decreased in the G4 and control group G1, in all experiment periods. 5.7. Immunoglobulin (Ig): 5.7.1. Immunoglobulin G (IgG): Results showed that plasma immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration (g/l) was significantly (P<0.05) improved by wheat germ oil (WGO) treatment, being the increased in G2 moderate in G3, and the decreased in the G4 and control group G1, in all experiment periods. 5.7.2. Immunoglobulin M (IgM): Results showed that plasma immunoglobulin G (IgM) concentration (g/l) was significantly (P<0.05) improved by wheat germ oil (WGO) treatment, being the increased in G2 moderate in G3, and the decreased in the G4 and control group G1, in all experiment periods. 5.7.3. Immunoglobulin A (IgA): Results showed that plasma immunoglobulin G (IgA) concentration (g/l) was significantly (P<0.05) improved by wheat germ oil (WGO) treatment, being the increased in G2 moderate in G3, and the decreased in the G4 and control group G1, in all experiment periods. 5.8. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC): Results showed that plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) concentration (mmol/L) was significantly (P<0.05) improved by wheat germ oil (WGO) treatment, being the increased in G2 moderate in G3, and the decreased in the G4 and control group G1, in all experiment periods. In conclusion from the results, it can be concluded that oral administration of wheat germ oil as an antioxidant improved most blood metabolites, immune and growth performance of Egyptian Buffaloes calves. So this wheat germ diet provides a base for future studies exploring the qualitative and quantitative contributions of specific nutrients that are essential for more diets of cereal products.