الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Significant proportion of ovarian lesions seem to be benign and resolve themselves spontaneously. On the other hand, they may be malignant which is more serious and even fatal. Ovarian cancer, is believed to be the 8th cause of cancer death in female patients. It is the 7th most frequent cancer in the general population. In Egypt it’s the 12th cause of cancer deaths amongst all cancer cases.
Ovarian cancer incidence rises dramatically after menopause. Other risk factors include a strong family history of breast or ovarian cancer Endometriosis, primary infertility, early menarche, nulliparity and late menopause.
There are 2 kinds of epithelial ovarian cancer. Type I cancers seem most likely caused by neoplastic transformation of such epithelium and ovarian surface. Type I cancers are genetically identical to low-risk epithelial ovarian tumours and have a long pre - clinical period during which screening initiative would be useful. Type II cancers have been high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) which originates in the epithelium of the fallopian tube. These tumours have a shortened preclinical phase and may necessitate more frequent screening to detect them early.
Initial-stage ovarian cancer patients have few distinct symptoms, but they frequently have nonspecific symptoms. In approximately three-fourths of these patients, abdominal symptoms were eminent, and the other half had constitutional symptoms like unexplainable loss of weight, lack of energy or pain. Other common symptoms are related to increased abdominal pressure and compression of the surrounding organs by the large size of the tumor including back pain, constipation, feelings of fullness, increased abdominal size, pelvic pain, bloating, urinary urgency, frequency, or incontinence and difficulty eating.
The prognosis for females with ovarian cancer has not really changed significantly in the three decades, despite the widespread use of radical surgical techniques and the focus on creating innovative targeted therapies
Despite all these advances in medicine, 59 percent of women with ovarian cancer are diagnosed only after cancer has spread. This is because early ovarian cancer is usually asymptomatic. Early detection of ovarian cancer increases the likelihood of survival for five years by 90% when it is limited to the ovary (stage I) or 70percent when it is limited to the pelvis (stage II). Most cases of ovarian cancer are discovered, however, at stages III (51%) and IV (29 %) when 5-year survival rates are under 30%. In addition, the likelihood of survival is incredibly low after a cancer recurrence occurs in 70% of patients who have advanced epithelial ovarian cancer.
Numerous large ovarian cancer screening studies have been carried out with the goal of diagnosing the disease in its early stages. This was aided by the introduction of serum tumour markers associated with ovarian malignancies, particularly CA 125, as well as improvements in the diagnostic accuracy of pelvic ultrasound, CT Scan and MRI