الفهرس 
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Abstract
Sedentary lifestyle and FRD are widely affecting our lives these days, which means that individuals are highly subjected to metabolic diseases (Koloverou et al., 2016).
Fat accumulation is a key trigger of an inflammatory immune response, resulting in swelling, inflammation, and excruciating pain in the mouth, even when talking and chewing (Ertunc et al., 2016).
Sunflower and corn oils have recently become more popular. Despite the fact that sunflower and corn oils reduce cholesterol production and levels, they are regarded risk factors for free radical sensitivity due to their high PUFA content, which is vulnerable to lipid peroxidation (Ramadan et al., 2009).
Vitamin E has been the subject in different studies in medicine, Vitamin E is a fat soluble non enzymatic antioxidant that protects the cell membrane as well as protects against LDL cholesterol (Hefnawy et al., 2013). There was a lack of studies handling the effect of vitamin E on submandibular gland in combination with FRD.
Aim of the work
Through this study we aimed to investigate the hypothesis that claims that vitamin E could have a modulatory effect (as well-known anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant) against FRD intake in rats. the aim of our study also was to evaluate the possible degeneration of SMGs in rats receiving FRD.
Methods
Experimental design:
Twenty-four adult male albino rats in the Medical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University weighing between 150 and 200 grams were housed in metal meshed cages (5 per cage) under a controlled temperature and dark-light.
The ethics committee at Ain Shams University Faculty of Dentistry Ethical committee [FDASU-REC] approved the experimental work with authorization number [FDASU-Rec IM122102] and provided ethical guidelines for the study.
Eight rats were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: untreated group, high-fat diet group, high-fat diet and vitamin E group. the three groups were sacrificed at week 12.
group I (control group): this group consisted of eight rats and was considered as negative control group which received normal diet daily.
group II (FRD group):This group, composed of eight rats, received FRD according to Al-Serwi et al. (2021).
group III (Vit. E group): This group, composed of eight rats, received FRD same as the diet fed to the second group in addition to vitamin E. Capsules of vitamin E were cut, and emptied into separate clean containers. Vitamin E (50 mg/kg) was dissolved in Sesame oil (Magdy et al., 2016).
Preparation of the specimen at the end of the experimental period of each group (12 weeks), the rats were anesthetized and killed by over dose of anesthesia. The SMGs were excised free. half of the number of the specimens were prepared for examination by H&E fixed in 10% formaldehyde for 48 hours [the formaldehyde is buffered in PH 7.2PBS]. The other half was prepared for TEM and was fixed for I hour in buffered glutaraldehyde (2.5%) at 4˚C temperature followed by 2 hours in osmium tetroxide (1%).
Histomorphometric Analysis The morphometric study was performed using computed image analysis system [Leica Quin software 500, Germany]in order to assess:
A) Area fraction of vacuolated cells under L.M, at X200 magnification.
B) Acinar diameter under L.M, at X200 magnification.
C) Lumen diameter of the EDs and the SDs under L.M, at X200 magnification.
Results
I-Routine examination by light microscope
The untreated group had the typical histological architecture of serous acini with CT stroma, duct system, and GCTs. As expected, the FRD group displayed a decrease in acinar diameter, with a loss of the usual round outlines, pyknotic darkly stained nuclei. Moreover, the SD lumen showed marked luminal wall irregularities and micro buds probably suggested to be a stricture, degeneration of the cells lining the lumen wall was obvious in some areas and epithelial hyperplasia on other areas, the GCTs showed signs of degeneration, the ED cellular lining showed signs of degeneration, epithelial hyperplasia and desquamation into the ductal lumen but there was no apparent narrowing or lumen wall irregularities, cytoplasmic vacuolization was evident in the cellular element of nearly all the sections. In the vit. E group, restoration of acinar architecture and diameter were observed, despite variable degrees of minor cytoplasmic vacuolization. Although the acinar architecture was markedly restored, the luminal irregularities of the SD luminal wall was still obvious in most of the sections in this group with no signs of degeneration of the cellular lining. It is worth mentioning that restored SD were detected in some sections and the ED cellular lining was markedly restored.
II- Electron microscopic results
Ultra-structural examination of the control group was found to display regular-shaped serous acinar cells with a vesicular nucleus and secretory granules of homogenous electron densities. We observed ultra-structural changes with marked cell organelle deteriorating changes in the FRD group, leaving dilated strands of rER with whorl bodies detected in some areas, small darkly stained degenerated mitochondria in some areas and swollen mitochondria in other areas, lipid droplet deposition, marked vacuolization and shrunken nuclei with irregular outline. The secretory granules appeared to fuse with each other. The SD in this group showed irregular lumen, loss of basal infoldings, some mitochondria were swollen and others were small darkly stained and ruptured. The vit. E group showed serous acinar cells with vesicular nuclei, immature light dense serous granules in some cells while other cells showed secretory granules that appeared fused to each other. The SD showed vesicular nuclei, basal infoldings with parallel mitochondria radiating in between them.
III) Statistical analysis
Signs of degeneration, increased area fraction of vacuolisation and decreased diameter of the acini were noticed in the FRD group, there was SSD in area fraction of vacuolisation and diameter of the acini between the FRD group and the negative control group while those signs were reduced in the vitamin E group and there was no SSD between vit. E group and the control group, there was no SSD between vit. E group and the negative control group regarding these parameters. On the other hand, there was marked luminal wall irregularities and narrowing of the SD lumen of both the FRD group and vit. E group with SSD of SD lumen diameter of these two groups in relation to the control group although that narrowing was not noticed in the ED lumen.
Conclusion
In the light of the results of our study chronic FRD intake has deleterious effect on the SMG parenchymal and CT components. Regular vitamin E administration with the selected dosage in this study had a partial protective effect against fatty degeneration.