الفهرس 
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Abstract
Severe atrophy of the alveolar ridge often develops following tooth loss, with
increasing severity over time in the edentulous jaw. Several prosthetic
treatment options exist for this particular situation: complete dentures,
removable implant-retained prostheses, or fixed implant-supported prostheses.
(1) However, implant retained or fixed implant-supported prostheses provide a
higher degree of patient satisfaction than removable prostheses. Additionally,
several authors described greater survival rates (SRs) for fixed prostheses.(2)
An extensive surgical bone augmentation procedure is often necessary to
achieve sufficient bone support to place standard implants (10–12 mm length,
” " ~ " ”3.5 mm diameter) in the posterior severely atrophic jaw. Augmentation
surgery, regardless of reconstructive procedure, carriers a higher risk of
patient morbidity and complications (e.g., infection, loss of graft material) as
well as higher costs and longer time intervals to complete the treatment.(3) To
avoid grafting procedures and to utilize preexisting bone in the most effective
way, angled implants (tilting of implants) is a well-documented alternative,
with no apparent clinically significant difference in success rates compared
with axially placed implants.