الفهرس 
Review of LiteraturesOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Intestinal schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic parasitic disease representing a global problem. An estimate of at least 258 million people required treatment in 2014. Schistosomiasis transmission has been reported in 78 tropical and subtropical countries (WHO, 2016). Schistosomes deal with many signals from the aquatic environment, such as chemical pollutants and signals from their hosts, especially in response to host immunological molecules used to identify and destroy them (Augusto et al., 2019). In recent years, some researchers in Egypt have discovered what are known as hot spot areas of S. mansoni. They defined it as certain places where the prevalence and severity of Schistosoma infection don’t lessen despite repeated rounds of preventative chemotherapy. They concluded that the role of human practices besides environmental and malacological factors, could responsible for maintenance of the Schistosoma mansoni transmission in hotspots area in Egypt (Ghazy et al., 2022).