الفهرس 
الغلافOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Abstract
Textile industry is one of the most water and energy-consuming industrial sectors, among them wet processing of wool and natural silk consumes huge amounts therefrom. Based on the above, the current thesis is devoted to reduce energy and water consumption during wet processing of wool and natural silk by studying the possibility of merging bio-finishing and dyeing steps of wool and natural silk in one bath, or conducting bio-finishing and dyeing in the same bath within two consecutive steps. To achieve this goal, we used selected extremozymes in some textile wet processes as they can work under extreme conditions of temperature and pH. Taking into consideration the environmental legislation issued in most countries, enzymes would be appropriate candidates for treatment of textiles, because they have the advantage of being eco-friendly, non-aggressive and biodegradable. In order to ensure the reusability of extremozymes in bio-treatment of textiles, they were immobilized and stabilized using certain inert polymers and inorganic substances which were used as carrier. The extremozymes used in this investigation include protease, lipase, cellulase, pectinase, and xylanase.
ABSTRACT
These enzymes were produced from local extremophiles, which would save a lot of foreign currency usually used to import these enzymes.
The isolated lipase enzymes were used in bio-scouring of wool fibres to remove the surface lipid barrier which hinders any wet processes without any deteriorative action on the fibres’ inherent properties. The effect of bio-scouring of wool on its dyeability with acid, reactive, and basic dyes was investigated. The alteration in physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the bio-scoured wool, compared to untreated as well as conventionally-scoured wool, was monitored using selected techniques. To save energy and water consumption, simultaneous bio-scouring and dyeing of wool with acid dye was conducted. One-bath bio-scouring and dyeing within two consecutive steps was also carried out.
It was found that wool fibres subjected to one-bath bio-scouring and dyeing with acid dye in two successive-steps have ca. 17 % lower dyeability than the bio-scoured then dyed sample in two different baths.
Thermophilic protease (TP) was used in partial removal of the wool scales to produce machine-washable wool. The optimum conditions of bio-treatment of wool fibres were 25% (v/v) TP enzyme, 55°C, pH 7, and MLR: 1:50.
Thermophilic protease was used also in degumming of natural silk. The optimum conditions for bio-degumming of natural silk fibres with the isolated TP were 50% (v/v) TP enzyme, 55°C, pH 7, and MLR: 1:50.
Cocktail enzymes of thermophilic cellulase, pectinase, and xylanase were successfully used in bio-carbonization of wool fleece. The proposed process would be a possible alternative to the conventional carbonization process which utilizes sulphuric acid and requires rinsing of
ABSTRACT
the carbonized wool with huge amounts of water to remove any residual acid on the fibre that would have negative effect on the subsequent wet processing of wool. The enzymes specificity makes the proposed bio-carbonization process favourable because they will digest only the vegetable matters adhered to wool, rather than affecting the keratin macromolecules of wool