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Abstract
Dams provide a wide range of economic, environmental, and social benefits for the society, but flood hazard due to dam failure is one of the most catastrophic events that could occur worldwide. In the last two centuries, floods resulting from dam failures produced some of the most devastating disasters in the world. Several dam failures occurred in the mid - 1970’s, including Buffalo Creek coal waste dam (west virginia, 1972), teton dam (Idaho, 1976), laurel run dam and sandy run dam (pennsylvania, 1977), canyon Lake Dam (south dakota, 1972), kelly barnes dam (georgia, 1977), and lawn lake dam (colorado, 1982). Each of these dam failures resulted in catastrophic damages of property and human death. To give a few examples, failure of the malpasset concrete dam in France in 1959 caused 433 casualties. Two thousand people died in Italy when a landslide fell into the vaiont reservoir, which caused a flood wave more than 100 meters high that overtopped the dam and flooded the downstream valley. In July 1985 a stave dam in Italy failed and about 90% of the 300 people living in Stava near the stave dam also died