الفهرس 
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Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of Saussurea costus (S. costus) root extract (SCRE) and Portulaca oleracea seeds extract (POSE) as natural antioxidant plants on cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced anemia caused by myelosuppression and erythrocyte oxidative damage in treated albino rats. This study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, from the end of May to the end of June.In the current study, Saussurea costus roots and Portulaca oleracea seeds were used for the preparation of extracts. They were washed, air-dried, then ground into a fine powder and packed in sachets. The resulting powder was mixed with an appropriate solvent (ethanol for S. costus roots and methanol for Portulaca oleracea seeds), and the mixtures were sonicated for 30 minutes. After a day of maceration, filtering is performed. This was done twice more. The filtrate was collected and dehydrated under vacuum at 50°C using a rotary evaporator. Saussurea costus roots yielded 273.1g of dark brown residues, while Portulaca oleracea seeds produced 122.28g of yellow leftovers.In the present study, sixty male albino Wister rats weighing 180–200 g were used. Rats were separated at random into six groups of equal size (n = 10 rats per group) as follows:group I (control): Rat received distilled water once daily for 30 days and were injected I/P with saline on day 22, 25, and 28 of the study.group II (SCRE-supplemented group): Rats received SCRE (600 mg/kg b.wt.) orally once each day for 30 consecutive days.group III (POSE-supplemented group): Rats received POSE (400 mg/kg body weight) orally once each day for 30 consecutive days.group IV (CTX-administrated group): Rats received distilled water orally once each day for 30 days, and CTX (40 mg/kg b.wt., dissolved in saline) was administered intraperitoneally on day 22, 25, and 28 of the experiment.group V (CTX+SCRE cotreated group): Rats received SCRE (600 mg/kg b.wt.) orally once each day for 30 consecutive days, and CTX (40 mg/kg b.wt.) was administered intraperitoneally on day 22, 25, and 28 of the experiment.group VI (CTX + POSE cotreated group): Rats received POSE (400 mg/kg b.wt.) orally once each day for 30 consecutive days, and CTX (40 mg/kg b.wt.) was administered intraperitoneally on day 22, 25, and 28 of the experiment.This study lasted thirty days.At the end of the experiment, the rats fasted overnight and were anaesthetized by inhaling isoflurane 100%. The blood samples and femoral bones were collected, and blood was taken from the retro-orbital venous plexus. The blood was drawn into EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra-Acetic Acid) vials for hematological parameters. Other blood samples were collected into heparin vials for erythrocyte oxidative stress biomarkers and osmotic fragility, as well as plasma and erythrocyte Na+, k+, and Mg2+ ion concentrations determination. Once the blood was sampled, all animals were sacrificed via decapitation. Femoral bones were collected for bone marrow histopathology.The findings of this investigation can be summed up as follows:1-Gas chromatography–Mass Spectrometry analysis of ethanolic SCRE and methanolic POSE chemical constituents:GC-MS analysis of SCRE and POSE revealed their principal constituents. It demonstrated the presence of 21 components in SCRE, whereas the existence of 19 components in POSE.2-Total phenolics, flavonoids, and free radical scavenging activity of ethanolic SCRE and methanolic POSE chemical compounds SCRE’s TPC and TFC averaged 28.55 mg GAE/g and 7.51 mg RE/g respectively. The antioxidant capabilities of SCRE constituents were evaluated by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. from the obtained result, SCRE has antioxidant activity with average scavenging ability at 40.11μM TE/mg, 217.36 μM TE/mg, and 62.85 μM TE/mg, respectively.Both TPC and TFC of POSE averaged 18.96 mg GAE/g and 49.73 mg RE/g, respectively. DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP were used for estimating POSE antioxidant activity. The results showed that POSE constituents exhibit antioxidant activity with a scavenging efficiency at 47.43μM TE/mg, 266.88μM TE/mg, and 146μM TE/mg, respectively.3- The effect of CTX administration and/or SCRE and POSE supplementation on peripheral hemograms in treated albino rats.The CTX-administrated group exhibited significant reduction in RBC, WBC, PLT counts, Hb concentration, and PCV compared to the control group. The SCRE and POSE- supplemented groups didn’t show any significant differences from the control group in all peripheral hemograms except WBC count, which increased significantly in the SCRE- supplemented group. The supplementation of SCRE and POSE to the CTX-administrated group showed a significant increase in RBC, WBC, PLT counts, Hb concentration, and PCV. However, all parameters were still significantly lower than those of the control group except the PLT count. While MCV, MCH, and MCHC did not differ statistically between all groups.4.The effect of CTX administration and/or SCRE and POSE supplementation on erythrocyte oxidative biomarkers in treated albino rats.The CTX administration showed a significant decline in the SOD, CAT, and TAC enzymes activities, whereas there was a significant rise in MDA levels in comparison to the control group. Antioxidant enzymes activities and MDA levels did not differ significantly between the control group and the groups given SCRE and POSE. When SCRE and POSE were given to the CTX-treated group, the activities of SOD, CAT, and TAC enzymes noticeably increased while MDA levels significantly decreased. But all these values still significantly differed from the control group.5.The effect of CTX administration and/or SCRE and POSE supplementation on erythrocyte osmotic fragility in treated albino rats.The CTX-treated group’s osmotic fragility curve (OFC) shifted to the right, showing that erythrocyte hemolysis was significantly greater than in the other experimental groups. With the supplementation of SCRE and POSE to the CTX-treated group, the erythrocyte osmotic fragility curve shifted to the left, showing a significant decrease in erythrocyte hemolysis compared to the CTX-treated group but still significantly higher than the control group.6. The effect of CTX administration and/or SCRE and POSE supplementation on plasma Na+, K+, and Mg+2 concentrations in treated albino rats PNa+ concentration was significantly decreased, while PK+ concentration was significantly increased in the CTX-injected rats compared to the control rats. Both the SCRE and POSE-supplemented groups showed no discernible difference in PNa+ and PK+ concentrations when compared to the control group. Conversely, supplementing CTX- treated rats with SCRE and POSE considerably enhanced PNa+ concentration while significantly decreased PK+ concentration. However, they remained significantly lower than the control rats. Except PK+ concentration in the POSE-supplemented group, which did not differ significantly from the control group.The PMg+2 concentration did not exhibit any significant variations between the experimental groups.7. The effect of CTX administration and/or SCRE and POSE supplementation on erythrocytic Na+, K+, and Mg+2 concentrations in treated albino rats.The ENa+ concentration was significantly increased, but the EK+ and EMg+2 concentrations significantly decreased in the CTX-treated group compared to the control group. There was no significant difference in ENa+, EK+, and EMg+2 concentrations between SCRE- and POSE-supplemented animals and controls. SCRE and POSE supplementation to CTX-injected rats resulted in a significant decrease in ENa+ concentration while significantly increasing EK+ and EMg+2 concentrations. However, there was still a marked difference in ion concentrations compared to the control group.8. The effect of CTX administration and/or SCRE and POSE supplementation on the histopathology of the bone marrow in treated albino rats.The control group has bone marrow tissue with a normal histological structure, abundant, densely packed bone marrow cells, and a few adipocytes. On the other hand, the examined bone marrow in the CTX-treated group was prominently hypocellular, with an increase in adipose tissue more than cellular tissue compared to the control group. The supplementation of SCRE and POSE to CTX-administrated animals exhibited significant improvement in the microscopic picture of bone marrow, with increases in the number of cells and decreases in the adipocytes, but the POSE-administrated group still showed some adipocytes.According to the findings, Saussurea costus root and Portulaca oleracea seeds extracts could alleviate cyclophosphamide-induced changes in hematological parameters, erythrocyte oxidative biomarkers, erythrocyte osmotic fragility, plasma and erythrocyte Na+, K+, and Mg+2 concentrations, as well as bone marrow histopathology in treated albino rats.Therefore, we suggested Saussurea costus root and Portulaca oleracea seeds extracts as natural adjuvants to mitigate CTX-induced anemia in cancer patients during chemotherapy.