الفهرس 
Anatomy of the Knee Joint
OsteoarthritisOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 196 |  |  |
| | | from | 196 | | |
Abstract
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common OA condition and is the most common cause of impaired mobility and disability in the elderly. Knee OA is associated with progressive destruction of articular cartilage and decreased production of proteoglycans which is the main component of articular cartilage. Knee OA affects the subchondral bone, capsule, ligaments, synovial membrane, tendons, and peri-articular muscles. Patients with knee OA complain of mechanical pain that increases with activities but decrease with rest, knee swelling, warmth of knee joint , morning knee stiffness and crackly sound that is heard when the knee joint moves. The diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis is based on patient‘s history, physical examination and radiological findings. Pain is the chief complaint of symptomatic OA and a leading cause of chronic disability, which is most often found in medial knees. Prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) is one of the most abundant PGs produced in the body, in inflammation of osteoarthritis, PGE2 is of particular interest because it is involved in all processes leading to the classic signs of inflammation: redness, swelling and pain. Non-surgical interventions for pain control of knee osteoarthritis include weight loss, exercise, changes in daily activities, physiotherapy, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and analgesics. However, the intra-articular injection is recently recommended by many studies such as corticosteroids, hyaluronic acid, dextrose, and platelet rich plasma