الفهرس 
The potential Antimicrobial, Immunomodulatory and Anticancer activities of selected bioactive plant and fungal products
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Abstract
The search for new, promising, and cost-effective medicinal drugs in the field of bioactive metabolites derived from mushrooms and herbs is one strategy for managing resistant pathogens and developing potential anticancer drugs. In the current research, Fruiting bodies of the Pleurotus ostreatus Egyptian-grown polar extract of a fungal species, cold water and ethanol extracts of Flammulina velutipes, and hot water, methanol, and ethanol extracts of herbal Ferula assafoetida were prepared and evaluated for antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity on various cancer cell lines. Four pathogens, including Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, and Escherichia coli, were effectively overcome by the polar extract of Pleurotus ostreatus. Fusarium oxysporum (47%) and Fusarium solani (28%) as well as Rhizoctonia solani (21%), were found to be inhibited by Pleurotus ostreatus polar extract. Cold water extract of Flammulina velutipes showed antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Cold water extract of Flammulina velutipes was found to inhibit Fusarium oxysporum (1.4%) as well as Rhizoctonia solani (3%). Ethanol extract of Flammulina velutipes showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Ethanol extract of Flammulina velutipes was found to inhibit Fusarium oxysporum (91%), Fusarium solani (59%) as well as Rhizoctonia solani (74%).
The antimicrobial activity of hot water, methanol and ethanol extracts of Ferula assafoetida was studied. All extracts showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans, while hot water extract of Ferula assafoetida only showed antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hot water extract of Ferula assafoetida was found to inhibit Fusarium oxysporum (5.56%), Fusarium solani (16.67%) as well as Rhizoctonia solani (20%). Methanol extract of Ferula assafoetida was found to inhibit Fusarium oxysporum (72.22%), Fusarium solani (50%) as well as Rhizoctonia solani (42.22%). Ethanol extract of Ferula assafoetida inhibited Fusarium oxysporum (38.89%), Fusarium solani (41.67%) as well as Rhizoctonia solani (36.67%). The antitumor activity of the tested extracts was tested against three cancer cell lines (MCF-7, Hep-G2 and Caco-2). Cytotoxicity was measured and IC50 was determined from a range of concentrations. With the lowest IC50 values (4.5 g/mL) and (0.51mg/mL), respectively, on MCF-7 cells, polar extract of Pleurotus ostreatus and methanol extract of Ferula assafoetida were chosen to study the potential cytotoxic effects. Pleurotus ostreatus polar extract and Ferula assafoetida methanol extract both appeared to promote cell cycle arrest in the sub-G1 stage and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Pleurotus ostreatus polar extract markedly enhanced TNF-production while lowering IL-6 levels. The polar extract of Pleurotus ostreatus’s total antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxide, and glutathione reductase activity were each measured 0.14 ± 0.02 mM/L, 15.60 ± 0.015 nmol/mL, and 9.50 ± 1.30 U/L, respectively. In MCF-7 cells, Ferula assafoetida methanol extract decreased TNF-α production and IL-6 levels. Ferula assafoetida methanol extract’s total antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxide, and glutathione reductase activity were recorded 0.11 ±0.008mM/L, 10.3 ± 0.02nmol/mL, and 7.51 ± 0.36U/L, respectively. GC-MS was used to analyze the occurrence of several bioactive metabolites, and the results showed that 26 compounds with known biological activity were present in methanol extract of Ferula assafoetida and 15 compounds were found in Polar extract of Pleurotus ostreatus. The phenolic and flavonoid content of Pleurotus ostreatus polar extract and Ferula assafoetida methanol extract were studied. Pleurotus ostreatus polar extract had phenolic and flavonoid content of 6.94 mg/g and 0.15 mg/g, respectively, while Ferula assafoetida had total phenolics and total flavonoids of 31.01 mg/gm and 7.97 mg/gm, respectively.