الفهرس 
LITERATURE REVIEWOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Green beans includes 230 different kinds, it considered one of the cereals that characterized by the presence of high percentage ;of protein, in addition it is considered as a good source of calcium , some vitamins some acids like lysine, but it contains little amounts of other amino acids like cysteine methionine and tryptophane.
Economic importance of green beans
The planted area all over the world with beans is about `592.500 Fed. (About million and half Fadden) in 1998. India contains the largest area planted with beans followed by China. Egypt considered the first Arabic country in planting beans; in addition It considered the most exported crop all over the world, the amount exported reaches about 14,000 tones furthermore, it is the second crop is to be exported from Egypt, as Egypt annually exports about 24000 tones, which requires its protection from different pests, as it infested by many pests as cotton leafworm (Lepidoptera) and sucking piercing jest as aphids, white fly and two spotted spider mites (TSSM). Some of these pests will be the maintain of this study. So it will be possible to reduce the use of the traditional exported pesticides with the harmful effect on human being and the vital enemies in addition to being exported, expensive So there is a bad need to use the substituents from natural sources locally manufactured to control pests in general and especially for nutritional crops.
This study was carried out in the farm of Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory (CAPL) by using new formulations obtained from plant origin and determination of their Pesticidal efficacy on piercing sucking pests that infest beans as safe local substituents compare to chemical pesticides.
Five materials obtained from plant origin were used, camphour and citric acid were manufactured artificially, Castor and Neem oils as fixed oils and citronella oil as a volatile oil.
The study contained to main principle part:
The first: Preparation of the plant materials in suitable formulation forms through
Determinations of the physio chemical properties of the newly prepared materials, is showed that castor oil revealed high degrees of solubility in xylene and acetone by 90 and 75 % respectively, but it showed no solubility in water as an aqueous solvent, in addition it sowed an acidic property as free acidity obtained from sulfuric acidity percentage (0.0049). Citronella oil also showed compete solubility in organic solvents in Xylene and acetone but n solubility was recorded in water and acidic property recorded also as sulfuric acid percentage 0.12. Neem oil showed high degrees of solubility in Xylene and water by 80 and 50 % respectively, but is showed no solubility in acetone at all with free acidity measured as sulfuric acid 8.7. Citric acid showed complete solubility in acetone but no solubility was recorded in Xylene and water. Also it showed an acidic property; measure as sulfuric acid 0.098. Camphour also showed complete solubility in Xylene and acetone with ;no solubility in water, it also showed an acidic property on measuring its free acidity or alkalinity (0.048).
The second:
Determination of the most suitable formulation form to prepare each material derived from plant origin. Castor oil was prepared as concentrated emulsion, oil in water emulsion 75 %, Citronella oil was also prepared in the same form as 60 % concentrated emulsion, and oil in water on contrary neem oil was formulated as 38 % water in oil concentrated emulsion. In addition camphour was also prepared as concentrated 38 % oil in water concentrated emulsion. Citric acid was prepared as 50 % soluble concentrated (SL). Top effect was previously prepared as 10 % emulsifiable concentrate (EC).
The third:
1. Determination of the physico-chemical properties of the newly prepared formulations according to the international recommendation of the specialized organizations of the specialized organizations of pesticides. The physico-chemical properties of the newly prepared formulation showed the ability of each formula to pass their determined physical and chemical properties successfully, Castor oil succeeded to pass emulsion stability test without any cream or oil layer separation higher than the allowed value, the same result was also obtained with citronella oil new formulation was no cream or oil separation was formed, but neem oil new formula showed cream layer preparation in the allowed range, 2 and 1.5 ml in hard and soft water respectively.
Citric acid 50% soluble concentrate new formulation, camphour and top effect 10 % emulsifiable concentrate formulation also pass emulsion stability test as it contain either n cream layer separation or separation in the permitted range.
2. Determination of the biological efficiency of the new formulations and top effect 10 % emulsifiable concentrate on aphid as piercing sucking pest under laboratory conditions.
Citric acid 50 % soluble concentrate, top effect 10 % emulsifiable concentrate, camphour 20 %, EW , castor oil 75 % EO, citronella oil 60 5 EO and neem oil 38 % EW were tested on aphids under laboratory conditions with serial concentrations. It showed good inhibition effect with different degrees, citric acid new soluble concentrate formulating showed the highest efficiency, followed by top effect emulsifiable concentrate formulation, camphour concentrated emulsion, citronella oil concentrated emulsion and neem oil contracted emulsion new formulation, as their LC50 values were 16.41, 26.48, 72, 38, 26793, 321.1 and 36 ppm respectively and their slope values were 0.26, 0.48, 0,37, 0.37, 034 and0.38 respectively. Their toxicity index values were 100, 61.41, 22.67, 6.12, 5.1 and 7.36 for4 the previously mentioned new formulations respectively.
3. Determination of the biological activity of the new formulations on aphids under semi-field conditions. Camphour and citronella oil new formulations showed good inhibition effect with the four concentrations used and the first three periods of treatment, Also citric acid, castor oil, neem oil and Top effect showed good observable inhibition effect with al tested concentrations and after all periods of treatment.
4. Determination of the biological activity of the new formulations on white fly under semi-field concentration, Citronella oil and camphour new formulations showed good inhibition on white fly after the first three periods of treatment 1, 3 and 5 days respectively, but the effect was deceased after 7 days from treatment.
5. Determination of the biological efficiency of the new formulation and Top effect. On two spotted spider mite (TSSM) under semi-field conditions. Camphor new concentrated emulsion showed a gradual increase inhibition by the first three concentrations used after 1.3 and 5 days but the percentage of inhibition decrease after the fourth period of treatment, all other tested concentration showed gradual direct correlation between the concentrations used, the percentage of incision and the period of treatment.
6. Determination of the phytoxicity of the new formulations on green beans.
The newly formulated materials from plant origins showed no toxic effect on green beans.