الفهرس 
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Abstract
Staphylococci are a diverse group of bacteria that look like they belong to the normal human flora. They can, however, cause diseases ranging from minor skin infections to life-threatening bacteremia. This ability, which is connected to the expression of several factors involved in the infection pathogenesis, enables the bacterium cell adhering to surfaces and tissues, evade or infiltrate immune system, and harm the host by producing toxic byproducts.
Panton Valentine Leukocidin (pvl) is considered important cytotoxin produced by some strains of S. aureus, which induces pores in the cell membrane. MRSA which produces Panton Valentine Leucocidin typically causes skin or soft infections to tissue, but dangerous cases of necrotizing pneumonia as well as sepsis also have been reported.
This study was carried out for studying the prevalence of the pvl gene among S. aureus; as well as MRSA isolated from medical staff and community people in Egypt, and to detect antibiotic susceptibility pattern of this strains and compare drug resistant pattern of the pvl positive and also the pvl negative isolates and detection of virulence genes among pvl positive isolates.
In this study, 233 fresh nasal swabs were collected randomly from medical staff and community people. Out of 233 swabs, 95 (40.8%) were S. aureus.
Forty six (48.4%) S. aureus isolates were collected from medical staff and 49 (51.6%) S. aureus isolates from community persons.
S. aureus was found to be most common in females 60(63.2%) than in males 35 (36.8%)
The most age group between 21-30 years old detected S. aureus and MRSA nasal carriage were 42 (44.2%) and 26 (44.1%) respectively and the least percentage was between 0-10 years old that detected S. aureus and MRSA nasal carriage were 2 (2.1%) and 1(1.7%) respectively.
The isolated strains were tested for antibiotics susceptibility pattern. the most effective drugs used in medical staff community were clindamycin, Linezolid, Levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, and Azithromycin ,where resistance rates of S. aureus to these antibiotics were (0%, 2%) ,(4.3%, 14.2%),(10.8%, 14.2%),( 15.2%, 16.3%),(15.2%, 10.2%) ,(4.3%, 12.2%) (8.6 %, 12.2%) in medical staff and community respectively
S. aureus showed the highest resistance rate to oxacillin and flucloxacillin (97.8%,79.5%) and (89.1%, 95.9%) in medical staff and community respectively. resistance pattern of S. aureus isolated from medical staff and community people showed that there was no significance differences between isolated S. aureus from medical staff and community people for all antibiotics except oxacillin.
It was found that MRSA among medical staff and community people were 30 (65.2%) and 29 (59.1%) respectively.
S. aureus strains harbored pvl genes were found in 29 (30.52%) of total 95 S. aureus strains, the majority of pvl positive S. aureus strains were detected in 21(42.9%) community people while 8 (17.4%) were found in medical staff.
The percentage of pvl positive MRSA (32.2%).was higher than PVL-positive MSSA (27.7%) but the presence of the pvl gene in MSSA is still high
Out of 29 community MRSA isolates in this study, there was a high prevalence of pvl 14 (48.3%) however the prevalence of pvl among 30 MRSA isolated from medical staff was 5 (16.6%).
It was observed that the amoxicillin-clavulanic, cefepime, and oxacillin represent the high rate of resistance pattern among S. aureus pvl harbored gene isolated from medical staff, while the high resistance rate for pvl harbored S. aureus isolated from the community was to flucloxacillin, oxacillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic, cephalexin, and cefaclor antibiotics
Antibiotic resistance among pvl negative S. aureus isolates were found higher percentage as compared to pvl positive S. aureus isolates
We deduced from study the destribution of virulence genes among S. aureus harbouring pvl gene isolated from medical staff and community that ica A gene highly destributed among medical staff pvl + isolates by percentage( 100%), while hla, seb, fnb A genes highly destributed among community pvl + isolates by percentage (47.6%), (9.5%), (1).