الفهرس 
Title : Effect of cold application on intramuscular injection pain among patients with fractures
AbstractOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Intramuscular injection is an invasive and painful procedure that is used routinely in the health care settings. The knowledge regarding the efficiency of non-pharmacological methods of pain management, including cold application is limited and needs further researches. Aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of cold application on intramuscular injection pain among patients with fractures. Design: A quasi-experimental design (pre-posttest non-equivalent control group design) was used. Setting: This study was conducted in Orthopedic Surgical Department in Beni Suef University Hospital. Sample: A convenient sample of 64 adult male and female patients was enrolled in the study. Tools: Two tools were used for data collection; 1- Structured interview assessment form including demographic and medical related data 2- Pain assessment forms. Results: The study findings revealed that there was statistically significant difference before and after cold application in the study group, while no statistically significant difference were found in the control group before and after cold application regarding the numerical pain rating scale, observational checklist of non-verbal pain indictors and characteristics of pain that result from intramuscular injection. The three hypotheses were supported. Conclusion: This study concluded that cold application was effective nursing measure in reducing the pain intensity associated with IMI. Recommendations: Encouraging the application of cold as a part of routine hospital care for patients with fractures prior to intramuscular injection into vastus lateralis muscle.