الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the single most common form of congenital heart disease (CHD), accounting for about 20% of all CHDs. Perimembranous VSD (pm VSD) is the most common subtype which constitutes 80% of all VSDs. The treatment of isolated VSD depends on the type, size and location of the defect, the amount of shunt, pulmonary vascular resistance, functional ability, and on associated or acquired anomalies. Surgical closure of VSD through sternotomy was the treatment of choice for a long time before the introduction of transcatheter closure. However, urgical closure has many complications such as postoperative pain, infection, sternotomy scar, and postoperative arrhythmias as well as heart block. Over the period of time, significant changes occurred in surgical techniques and approaches resulting in improving outcomes. Muscular VSDs have been successfully closed by interventional catheter techniques over the past decades in selected patients, using a variety of occlusive devices. Also, Amplatzer VSD occluder device was specifically designed for the treatment of pm VSD and became widely used in many centers worldwide because of its minimally invasive nature. The high cost of catheter closure, as well as device-related complications such as complete heart block (CHB), device embolization, aortic and tricuspid valves egurgitation had limited its use.