الفهرس 
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Abstract
Pesticides are substances or mixtures of substances that are mainly used in agriculture or public health protection programs to protect plants from pests, weeds, or diseases. These products are also used for other purposes, such as the improvement and maintenance of non-agricultural areas like public urban green areas and sports fields. Even acetamiprid, AC, (insecticide), and azoxystrobin, AZ, (Fungicide) are present in residues in many crops, vegetables, and fruits and these residues have the potential to accumulate in the human body and affect human health. There was no more evidence to indicate the accumulation of these pesticides in the different tissues after repeated dosing. Moreover, the specific effects of AC and AZ exposure on endocrine functions have not been confirmed extensively. Therefore, the present study was concerned with evaluating the accumulation of AC and AZ in different rat tissues and evaluating the potential male reproductive toxicity and its mechanism. Also, the investigation confirmed whether these compounds could act as endocrine disruptors or not.
Therefore, a comprehensive analytical method was developed for simultaneous extraction and determination of two EDCs (AC and AZ) in rat serum, liver, and testis as well as some hormones (estriol, estrone, progesterone, and testosterone) were estimated. For both liver and serum, three extraction solvents (acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, and ethyl acetate/hexane) were compared, and the best solvent (ethyl acetate/hexane) in terms of high recovery and low matrix extraction was chosen. To obtain an optimum separation condition, three columns were tested: Synergi Fusion 50 X 2 mm, 4 μm (Phenomenex), Titan C18 50 X 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm (Supelco), and Poreshel 120 EC-C18 50 X 3 mm, 2.7 μm (Agilent). More sharp peaks and higher selectivity and sensitivity were obtained in the case of the Poreshel column.
Moreover, two organic mobile phase compositions were tested: acetonitrile and methanol. However, methanol was better for the peak shape and the sensitivity of the target compounds. Also, three aqueous mobile phases were tested; 5 mM ammonium formate, 5 mM ammonium formate + 0.1% FA (pH = 2.7), and 10 mM ammonium format buffer, with double sensitivity in the case of using a mobile phase of 5 mM ammonium formate + 0.1% FA (pH = 2.7), as 0.1% FA enhanced the low sensitivity of these compounds.