الفهرس 
Protective role of fenugreek saponin nanoparticles against genotoxicity and histopathological alterations induced by nicotine in male rats
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Abstract
Nicotine is the more abundant component in cigarette smoking.
Smoking is widely used in Egypt and all over the world, so
nicotine was studied to evaluate its toxicity in male rats. In this
study, a natural diet was used consisting of a different group of
natural compounds, such as saponins extracted from fenugreek,
which exhibited a positive protective effects against the toxicity
of different chemical compounds. Different studies have proven
that nicotine is metabolized firstly in the liver cells. Moreover, It
was also found that the genitals are among the most sensitive
organs to nicotine toxicity. Therefore, this study aimed to
evaluate the toxic effects of nicotine on these somatic and
reproductive organs using cytogenetics studies (micronuclei and
caudate assay), histopathological (liver and testis), sperm
abnormalities and gene expression to some brain and liver
enzymes. Moreover study the protective effect of fenugreek
saponin and nano-fenugreek saponin against toxicity of nicotine.
Animals were divided into control group, group treated with
nicotine (1.5 mg/kg/day. b. wt), 3 groups administrated
IV
fenugreek saponin (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg /day b.wt), 3 groups
administrated nano-fenugreek saponin (20, 40 and 80mg/kg/day.
b.wt), 3groups treated with nicotine (1.5 mg/kg /day. b.wt) in
combination with fenugreek saponin (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day.
b. wt) and 3 groups treated with nicotine (1.5 mg/kg/day. b. wt)
in combination with nano-fenugreek saponin (20, 40 and
80mg/kg/day.b.wt). The statistical analysis revealed that
nicotine treatment induced asignificant increase in in number of
micronuclei in bone marrow cells and DNA damage represented
by comet assay parameters in liver cells. Moreover, a significant
increase in sperm head and tail abnormalities as well as
asignificant increase in gene expression of acetyl choline estrase
(AChE) in brain and significant decrease in GLT-1 (glutamate
transporter-1) and GLAST (glutamate aspartate transportater) in
liver. Also, it induced histopathological changes in rat’s liver
and testis.
On other hand administration of fenugreek saponin and nano-
fenugreek saponin in combination with nicotine showed a
significant decrease in the percentage of micronuclei and in tail
V
length of comet assay, and asignificant decrease in the
percentage of sperm abnormalities. Moreover, using of
fenugreek saponin and nanoparticles in combination with
nicotine induced a significant decrease in the gene expression of
AChE in brain and significant increase GLAST, GLT-1 in liver
with decrease in the histopathological changes occurred in rat’s
liver and testis when compared with nicotine group. These
results of current study showed that nicotine is a toxic agent for
somatic and germ cells. And fenugreek saponin and nano-
fenugreek saponin can be used as ameliorative agents against
nicotine toxicity