الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Rotenone is a natural plant toxin isolated from some tropical and subtropical members of the Leguminosae family. The use of rotenone by man dates awhile back even before the 19th century. For many centuries, it was used by indigenous people of Southeast Asia and South America for harvesting fish for human consumption and it is still used worldwide. It has been used as a selective piscicide for fisheries management (Ball, 1948).Rotenone is one of the oldest botanical insecticides; rotenone and rotenoids have been used as crop insecticides since 1848, when they were applied to plants to control leaf eating caterpillars (Ware, 1994; Maslin, 2001). In early 1900’s, large quantities of plant roots and extracts were brought back to the United States of America to be used as insecticides on food crops in which, rotenone was the major active ingredient in all of those extracts. Today rotenone is still used commercially as a selective, non-specific, broad-spectrum insecticide in home gardens, plant crops and as a veterinarian applicant in powdered formulation to control parasitic mites, lice and ticks on different farm animals and pets.The toxicity of rotenone is owing to its role as a powerful highly selective inhibitors of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain; which causes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) deficiency (Singer and Ramsay 1994; Ueno et al., 1996; Sherer et al., 2003c).Rotenone can also cross the blood–brain barrier easily as highly lipophilic compound (Betarbet et al., 2002; Uversky, 2004), which leads to oxidative stress, and hence a selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. This action is involved in the mechanisms of rotenone-induced Parkinsonism in animal models (Xiong et al., 2012).The sub-lethal chronic exposure to rotenone causes a selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in brain clusters and severe locomotor deficit in Drosophila melanogaster (Coulom and Birman, 2004; Navarro et al., 2014; Stephano et al., 2018) and rats (Fagotti et al., 2019), both are main symptoms of human Parkinson’s disease. It was also found that the ability of Drosophila to learn was significantly reduced by rotenone exposure (Yu et al., 2011).