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Abstract
A total of 400 poultry samples was examined for isolation of salmonella (260 imported poultry and 140 local poultry). 400 examined birds were distributed as 58 samples from chickens, 319 samples from ducks and 23 samples from turkeys. 17 salmonella isolates were recovered from examined samples with a percent of (4.25%), 7 isolates from chickens, 9 isolates from ducks and 1 isolate from turkey.). The recovered Salmonella isolates belonged to 17 different serovars. Salmonella isolates showed extreme variation in resistance (5.8 to 70.5%) against anti-microbial agents. The maximum resistance was observed among salmonella isolates were against trimethoprim (70.5%) followed by penicillin (41%), amoxicillin and streptomycin (29.5% for each), nalidixic acid (23.5%), norfloxacin (11.7%), doxycycline and ciprofloxacin (5.8% for each). A high multiple antibiotic resistances (MAR) index in a range of 0.25 to 1 was observed in salmonella serovars. Molecular characterization of salmonella was performed by targeting amplification of invA gene primer fragment for confirmation of salmonella spp. The gene was present in 16 salmonella isolates with a percent of 94%. Moreover, this gene encodes virulence factor in salmonella spp. Other virulence genes (avrA gene, mtgC gene, ssaQ gene, siiD gene and sopB gene) were used to detect virulence of isolates where, avrA gene was present in 15 samples with a percent of 88%, mtgC was present in 14 samples with a percent of 82%, ssaQ gene was present in 12 samples with a percent of 70.5%, siiD gene was present in 10 samples with a percent of 59% and sopB gene was present in 13 samples with a percent of 76.5%. 13 salmonella strains (76.5%) were highly virulent, they carry 5 or more virulence genes