الفهرس 
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Abstract
Despite aluminum (Al) is being a world widespread and highly used metal for its strength, hardness, corrosion resistance and heat treatment properties, it causes a highly damaged effects to environments and human. It could accumulate in human different organs like muscles, bones, heart, brain, kidneys, and liver. Liver is an important organ for detoxification. Al could harm liver by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that allow lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. Antioxidants act as free radical scavengers to counteract deleterious effects of ROS. So, using of antioxidants is very effective in prevention of alterations induced by Al. Omega-3 fatty acid is polyunsaturated, long chain fatty acid of plant and marine origin that are highly important to human health. Examples of essential dietary omega-3 fatty acids are alpha linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid, whichhinduce hepatoprotective role. L-carnitine is a conditionally important amino acid. Its primary source in human is exogenous from animal diet and the smaller quantity in the brain, kidney, and liver is endogenous from methionine or lysine. It is responsible for long-chain fatty acids transport into mitochondria.
In this respect, the present work was designed to evaluate the deleterious effects of Alcl3 on the liver, evaluate the potential protective effect of Omega-3, evaluate the potential protective effect of L-carnitine, and to evaluate the potential protective effect of Omega-3 plus L-carnitine.
Experimental design:
Sixty four of male albino rats were allocated into eight groups, each group included 8 rats, as follows: Group1: control rats receiving the vehicle (olive oil), Group2: rats administrated with omega-3 (300 mg/kg bwt/day), Group3: rats administrated with l-carnitine (200 mg/kg bwt/day), Group4: rats administrated with omega-3 and l-carnitine (300, 200 mg/kg bwt/day, respectively), Group5: rats administrated with Alcl3 (100 mg/kg bwt/day), Group6: rats administrated with omega-3 and Alcl3 (300, 100 mg/kg bwt/day, respectively), Group7: rats administrated with l-carnitine and Alcl3 (200, 100 mg/kg bwt/day, respectively), and Group8: rats administrated with omega-3, l-carnitine and Alcl3 (300, 200, and 100 mg/kg bwt/day, respectively). The administration was done daily by oral for 30 consecutive days.
The current work revealed that Alcl3 administratation caused a significant decrease the weight gain and a significant increase in the relative liver weight compared to the control rats. On the other hand, co-administration of Alcl3-intoxicated rats with omega-3 or/and l-carnitine revealed a significant increase in the body weight gain and an obvious decrease in the relative liver weight relative to the Alcl3-intoxicated rats. However, the co-administration of model group with l-carnitine was found to achieve the most effective impact.
Biochemically, the present study showed a significant elevation in the activity of Alt, Ast, and Alp enzymes as well as Mda level in Alcl3-intoxicated rats compared to those of control group. On the other hand, the level of these parameters were significantly enhanced by co-administration of model group with omega-3 or/and l-carnitine, but the effect of l-carnitine was the most effective than omega3. Furthermore, Rats administered Alcl3 displayed a significant decline in Gsh-px and Sod levels, in comparison with corresponding values in the control group.
Co- administration of Alcl3 plus omega-3 or/and l-carnitine induced a significant increase in the serum levels of Gsh-px and Sod when compared to the Alcl3 -group. The improving effect of l-carnitine had the upper hand, followed by its combination with omega-3.
The present work showed severe histological alterations in the liver of Alcl3-intoxicated rats such as: degeneration and vacuolation of hepatocytes, necrosis, apoptosis, vascular congestion, inflammatory cells infiltration, and microvesicular steatosis. The Alcl3-intoxicated rats treated with the different regimens revealed an obvious enhancement in the liver structure. However, co- administration of Alcl3 with l-carnitine group revealed the most enhanced one.
Immunohistochemically, the current research revealed a significant decline in the percentage of Ki-67 immunoexpression compared to the control group, whereas co- administration of Alcl3 with omega-3 or/and l-carnitine revealed a significant elevation in Ki-67 % immunoexpression comparable to Alcl3-intoxicated rats. On the other hand, the immunohistochemical examination for caspase-3revealed a significant elevation in caspase-3immunoreactivity in Alcl3-intoxicted rats compared to control rats. Co- administratation of Alcl3 with l-carnitine only or combined with omega-3 showed a significant reduction in the caspase-3immunoreactivity. The group administrated with omega-3 only exhibited less reduction in caspase-3as compared to Alcl3-intoxicated group.
Both of omega-3 and l-carnitine are potential protective agent in the treatment of liver injury induced by Alcl3. However, the influence of l-carnitine was more obvious and had better effect than omega-3. We hope our work could participate in alleviation of damage resulted from Al exposure and expand the society recognition for administration of l-carnitine