الفهرس 
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Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a central nervous system (CNS) disorder described as a ”heterogeneous group of disorders” marked by incremental degeneration of physiology or anatomy-related neuronal structure, including neuronal death, resulting in functional and mental impairments (Mirza et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2017), like Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS) (Leszek et al., 2016).
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common chronic neurodegenerative diseases (Dorsey et al., 2007). It is the product of dopamine deficiency within the basal ganglia, which plays a key role in behavior, voluntary movement, attention, learning, mood and reward (Guo et al., 2013; M Ashraf et al., 2014). Its hallmarks are the specific loss and death of DAergic neurons in the substantia nigra par compacta (SNc), together with the presence of Lewy bodies (LB) that described as brain conclusions of alpha synuclein protein (Barreto et al., 2014; De Virgilio et al., 2016). PD is associated with persistent neuroinflammation, increased levels of many proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress injuries (McGeer and McGeer, 2007; Cabezas et al., 2014).
Rotenone is used as a broad‐spectrum pesticide and currently, considered as an active ingredient of several pesticides (Isman, 2006). It is related to the family of isoflavones, naturally present in the seeds, stems, and roots of certain tropical plants, including Derris, Tephrosia, Lonchocarpus and Mundulea species (Heinz et al., 2017). ROT also known to be concentrated in mitochondria and inhibits complex I compound, resulting in decrease ATP production, the elevation of free radicals (ROS) like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O−) and increase oxidative damage to DNA and aggregation of proteins of neuronal cells such as α-synclein (Modi et al., 2016).
Neuroinflammation has been identified.