الفهرس 
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Abstract
Drowning is one of the most difficult deaths to diagnose in the field of forensic medicine. It is the purpose of most investigations to ascertain whether or not the death was caused by plunge (antemortem submersion) or if the corpse was immersed after death (postmortem submersion). In situations of drowning, it is still still challenging to ascertain the PMI. There has been an ongoing effort throughout the years to find more precise methods of determining the passage of time after death.
In the immunoglobulin superfamily, RAGE stands out as a cell surface molecule. Constant, low-level expression is present in all cells. But there’s a plenty of it in the lung. The pleiotropic cytokine IL-6 is secreted in inflamed tissue locations. It may contribute to the pathophysiology of ALI in both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory ways.
The purpose of this research was to use RAGE and IL-6 as new biomarkers to distinguish between drowning and postmortem submersion, and to calculate the time elapsed since death in both scenarios.
One hundred male albino rats were used in this study, split evenly between a group that drowned and a group that was submerged after death. The procedures used in this study were approved by the Minia University animal use such as care committee (approval number 678-9/2020). Experiments were performed over the months of November and December 2021, at a constant room temp of 20 5 o C. Lung tissues were taken from the rats in each group and processed for immunohistopathological analysis of IL-6 and PCR analysis of RAGE expression at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours postmortem.
H&E findings for the drowning group were rather similar to those for the postmortem submersion group, with the exception of the clear presence of edoema, haemorrhage, and inflammatory cells in the drowning group.
There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of IL-6 Immunohistochemical findings until 72h post-mortem. Slight cytosolic inflammatory expression for IL-6 was found in the drowning group, but negative expression for IL-6 was seen in the postmortem submersion group.
In comparison to the postmortem submersion group, the drowning group had a higher proportion of IL-6 will not cells at all time points studied (0, 12, 24, 48 hours PM). The proportion of IL-6 should not cells was a significant predictor of PMI in both the drowning and postnatal submersion groups using a simple linear regression model. PMI = constant + (B the proportion of IL-6 immunostained cells), is the equation used to get the proteinase activation index.
At all PMIs, there was a statistically significant increase in the mean percentage of apoptotic cells in the drowning group compared to the postmortem submersion group (from 0 hr to 72 hr). The average amount of apoptotic cells, as determined by a simple linear model analysis of data from groups of drowning & postmortem submersion victims, was significantly predictive of PMI. The regression equation PMI = steady + (B the calculated from the values of autophagosomes) might be used to estimate PMI.
Differences (decreases) in the mean number of deteriorated regions were seen between the drowning and postnatal submersion groups across all Pmp (from 0 hr to 72 hr). The mean number of deteriorated regions was a strong predictor of postmortem submersion injury using simple linear model analysis in both drowning & postmortem submersion groups. Predicted Modified Index (PMI) = constant + (B the mean frequency of degraded regions), a regression equation that allowed for PMI estimation.
There was a statistically significant increase in RAGE expression between the drowning and postmortem submerged groups across all PMIs (0 hr to 72 hr). A strong correlation between PMI and RAGE expression was found using a simple linear regression model for victims of drowning and postmortem submersion. It was found that PMI could be approximated using the regression equation PMI = steady + (B RAGE expression).