الفهرس 
مُقدمةيوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
The presented study introduces an assessment of the natural resources (groundwater, soil and natural plant) in El-Kharga depression. The main aim of the study is to assess each natural resource by identifying its conditions, and regulating as well as managing its use to reduce its depletion.
It focused on studying and assessing groundwater, which is the fundamental source of life in El-Kharga oasis, through analyzing the allocation of its ancient springs, the current subterranean wells and its effects on the aquifer as well as studying its chemical and physical analysis to assess its quality for drinking, cultivation, irrigation, etc.
The present study also discussed the soil element as it is considered the second important natural resource after the groundwater. It assessed the soil to know its characteristics in order to classify it according to its quality for agriculture and the best agricultural areas and then studying agricultural crops and their seasons. Finally, the present study analyzed the natural plant as it is the result of the combination between the groundwater and the soil. It studied the elements that affected the natural plant and the environment. It sought to identify the most important kinds of plants in the oasis to classify them to reduce the waste of them and to preserve these plants.
El-Kharga depression is one of the western desert’s depressions which is associated to the New Valley government. It is located southwest of Egypt, about 263 km from the city of Asiut in the direction of Western desert, and limited astronomically to a circle of 10 ° 24 05 26 ° north to a line of 50 29 08 31 ° east, with an area of about 17242 km ². The present study depended on primary information that contained qualitative information. This information has been collected through field studies and lab analysis. The present study also used surveys such as the soil sector’s survey, besides the formal and informal interviews and the direct observation as well. Moreover, the study included secondary information such as the published and the unpublished researches, PhD dissertations, books, reports, etc.
The results from this study showed that El-Kharga depression has various resources that can be developed through conscious management. The study also declared that El-Kharga depression suffers from degradation of its natural resources which affected their use and management on both the long-and short- term. This degradation is represented in the transformation of the natural springs into groundwater from 1927 to 1959; moreover, a lot of these springs were finished in 1961. At the present time, these springs ran out and were turned into deep wells. The soil also suffers from degradation because of some reasons such as the climate conditions. Other reasons behind the soil degradation are the nature of the soil and it’s waterlogging because of the soil leveling, as well as the shortage of some elements like calcium and magnesium, and the increase of others, such as sodium and chlorine. These elements also affected the growth of the natural plant.
The third natural resource that the study discussed is the natural plant. The groundwater and the soil affected the natural plant by reducing and shrinking its space during the period 1990- 2021. Soil salinity is one of the most important issues that affected the plant. The increasing and the accumulation of the salt formed salt crusts, in addition to the drought that prevented plants from growing. As a result to this soil salinity, the plants could not absorb water normally. This amount of salt must be removed by adding large amounts of water in this region.
The present study started with a general introduction in which the researcher discussed the subject of the study, the area of the study, the reason behind choosing this subject, the study aims, the study methods, the difficulties that faced the researcher in her study and the resources used in the study. Finally, the study was chapteralized as follow:
In the first chapter, the natural and the human characteristics in El-Kharga depression, the researcher discussed the natural characteristics of the geological formations from the previous period of Cambrain till the fourth geological time. In the second period, about 75% of the depression contained natural resources. The least relative area was during the previous period of the Cambrain in which 0.04% of its area was granular formations. The geological structure was also discussed in this chapter such as faults that have affected the wells’ emerge and it’s increasing, the fissures and joints. The topographic features that made El-Kharga depression unique with edges, valleys, the flat plain, isolated and semi-isolated hills, palaya, the marshes, and plants with its geographic distribution. It also discussed sand dune with its distribution and danger. The DEM’s features such as its height, dip and dip-direction Then make terrain sections for the depression.
This chapter also included analysis of the climate conditions such as temperature, wind and its speed and direction, rain, relative humidity and evaporation, dew and fog, vision and breeding storms. Regarding the human factors, the researcher analyzed the population, its focus and the geographic distribution in El-Kharga depression. The study of settlement and knowing the types of settlement whether it is old or new after the civilization process, studying the change of the construction material and its overall decline. The study of human activities, in El-Kharga depression, such as agriculture, manufacturing like canning date, and tourism as it has many touristic places such as The Bajwat, the Temple of Hibis, Ain Amour and Umm al-Dabadib, at the end of the second chapter, the researcher discussed transportation in El-Kharga depression and in the New Valley as it affects the assessment of the natural resources.
The second chapter, the assessment and modeling the groundwater, studied the regional hydrological features of the aquifer groundwater in the western desert through analyzing the formation and the up-formation of the Nubian stone which holds water within. In addition to analyzing the hydrological aquifer ground water, the layers that holds groundwater, the indicator of water variance NDwi, as well as the levels and the movement of the groundwater. The researcher also presented, in this chapter, the features of the springs and wells. She studied the location of these springs and wells. This chapter also included the physical geochemical properties of the groundwater, in western desert, which includes Cations as calcium, potassium, magnesium and sodium, anions as sulfur, carbon and bicarbonate, chlorine, as well as heavy elements of iron, manganese and pH. This chapter also included the assessment of the groundwater’s fully hardness which is divided into temporary and permanent hardness and it is represented in two elements calcium and magnesium. Moreover; the researcher discussed the electric connectivity and its effect on assessing the groundwater and the geographic distribution of the whole solid salt in water. This chapter is concluded with analyzing irrigation methods and its effects on consumption smoothing in El-Kharga depression.
The third chapter, assessing and modulating soil in El-Kharga depression, is divided into four subsections. The first subsection includes the factors that formulated soil in El-Kharga depression which are (a) the original material that formulated the soil and turned it into clay and sandy soils, (b) the toponymic factor which affected the leveling and the slipping of the soil and in its returned, it also affected the cultivation and (c) the time factor as well as the vital factor. The second subsection presents classification of the soil in El-Kharga depression which is represented in the American classification, the technological and scientific research, and the geographic distribution of the soil.
The third subsection discusses the mechanic features of the soil in El-Kharg depression which included soil tissue, soil porosity, soil permeability and soil heat. This subsection also includes the chemical features that are represented in catones and anions, as well as the study of acidosis and alkalinity. The fourth subsection analyzes cultivation in El-Kharga depression such as the role of the agricultural area and the effect of sanitation on crops and the appropriate crops for the soil as well as the composition of crops such as the winter and summer crops. This subsection also includes modulating of the soil by forming informational module to assess the productive capacity in the El-Kharga depression.
The fourth chapter, assessing and modulating the natural plant in El-Kharga depression, is also divided into eight parts. The first part analyzes the effective factors in the natural plant; while the second part discusses the vegetation’s nature in El-Kharga depression. The third part studies plant communities in El-Kharga depression; meanwhile, the fourth part discusses features of plant communities in El-Kharga depression. The fifth part examines the natural plant’s problems and how to solve and prevent these problems. The sixth chapter includes the natural elements that affect the natural plant for instance solar radiation, temperature, humidity, winds, sources of water, rain, and soil. The seventh part presents sorts of the vegetation in El-Kharga depression. In this chapter, the researcher studied perennials and annual plants such as calotropis procera, Sesbania, Tamaricaceae, ziziphus jujube, tamarisk, Tamarix articulata, Pulicaria undulata, dalbergia sissoo, common reed, henbanes, juncus acutus, cladium mariscus, pluchea, Dalbergia sissoo DC and herb.
Furthermore, the eighth part, which included the shape of the vegetation in El-Kharga depression, is divided into two subsections. The first subsection presented the shape of the vegetation as well as the types of the plant communities and environments such as the community of trees and gardens that are represented in the community of alhagi, calotropis procera, zygophyllum, acacia and tamarix gallica. The second subsection analyzed the plant kingdom which is divided into the flowering plants and the non-flowering plants. The ninth part examined the nature of the morphological and physiological adaptation of the plants that grow up near to the ancient springs that included the earthy and the windy elements, perennials and annuals plants, and the adaptation sufficiency. The tenth part included the use of remote-sensing in analyzing the change of the natural plant’s area. Finally the eleventh part studied the problems of the natural plant in El-Kharga depression for instance the soil salinity and danger of the sand dune.