الفهرس 
Crystal structureOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
In the last ten year, a new photovoltaics material has been emerged known as perovskite solar cells. Initially, perovskite material was used in dye-sensitized solar cell. Perovskite solar cells have now reached over 20% which is higher than that of DSSC and other thin film solar cells such as CIGS and CdTe, as shown in Figure 1-1.The ability of production of perovskite solar cells by solution-based methods and by using low cost materials will make it possible for perovskite cells to be commercially viable.The word “Perovskite” refers to the material with crystal structure similar to archetypal perovskite calcium titanate (CaTiO3). The general formula of perovskite is ABX3 with corners sharing BX6 octahedra and the cation “A” in the center of the unit cell as shown in Figure 1-2. The A cation in solar cells perovskite materials is typically a methylammonium ion, B is lead (Pb), and X is a halide (I, Cl or Br). Methylammonium lead iodide (MAI) is a direct bandgap semiconductor, with of " ~ "1.55eV which makes it an efficient light absorber across the visible spectrum. Herein, the word ‘perovskite’ will refer generally refer to methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3).