الفهرس 
Aim of the StudyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Visual impairment is a devastating disability worldwide and has been reported to be linked with functional limitations, reduction in the overall quality of life personal, psychological, mobility, and social life, and result in socio-economic loss and increase risk of disability and depression and mortality in older age. Several epidemiological studies provide information on the prevention, treatment, and minimization of the impact of diseases on society. A wide range of epidemiologic studies has provided important information on the pattern of visual impairment and the major eye diseases that cause vision loss.
The study aims to evaluate the prevalence, causes, and factors associated with visual impairment in old age in the Menoufia governorate in Egypt. The current study was performed on 329 patients both men and women over 60 years old, who attended the outpatient ophthalmic clinic of Menoufia University Hospital and Ashmoun lions eye hospital for their eye check from June 2021 to December 2021 with visual acuity less than 6/18 in the better eye with obtaining approval of the study and written consent. All eligible participants underwent a full history and full detailed comprehensive eye examination. Best-Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) was checked and recorded, slit lamp examination and fundus examination, we excluded those with a history of previous eye surgery, and visual impairment was defined according to WHO criteria.
Results:
The prevalence of visual impairment in the study was 79.9% (95% CI 75.2– 84.1%), which included MSVI 70.2% (95% CI, 65–75.1%), and blindness 9.7 % (95% CI 6.7 – 13.5%).
Summary
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The main risk factors of MSVI were hypertension 38.1 %, diabetes mellitus 29%, heart disease 4.3%, bronchial asthma 3% and about 23.9% free and other risk factors of blindness mainly hypertension 40.6 % and 40.6 % diabetes mellitus, and 6.3% hepatic disease (n = 2), and free about 12.5%.
Cataract (41.1 %), refractive error (15.6 %), ARMD (13.9 %), diabetic retinopathy (9.5 %), glaucoma (4.3%), Hereditary (4.3%), retinal vascular diseases (4.3 %), myopic macular degeneration (3.5 %), and others (3.6 %) were the main causes of MSVI in old age.
The corrected or prevented causes of MSVI such as cataract, and errors of refraction were in the upper hand at 56.7% and non-corrected causes such as age-related macular degeneration and hereditary causes were later at 43.3%.
The main causes of Blindness were cataract which was the leading cause (40.6%), other causes were diabetic retinopathy (15.6%), age-related macular degeneration (12.5 %), error of refraction (9.4 %), glaucoma (9.4 %), corneal opacity (9.4 %), others (3.1 %).
The corrected causes of blindness were 50% and the non-corrected 50%.