الفهرس 
AcknowledgementsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by multi-organ involvement, dysregulated autoantibody production, and activation of the type I interferon system. Among the spectrum of chronic rheumatic diseases, SLE is one of the most overrepresented diseases in women, with a female to male ratio of 9–10:1, only surpassed by primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) with a reported ratio of 9–20:1. Notably, the prepubertal and post-menopausal female:male ratios of SLE are considerably lower ranging from 2 to 6:1 and 3–8:1, respectively, compared with those during childbearing ages. The sex differences in disease susceptibility also resonate at the clinical level, where women and men present distinctive features. Many studies performed in rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and systemic sclerosis, have highlighted sex differences in disease presentation with regard to disease severity, symptoms or comorbidities.In SLE, male sex has also been associated with a more severe form of the disease in terms of clinical manifestations and prognosis, with renal involvement and serological abnormalities.The aim of our study was to evaluate sex differences in the clinical presentation.This study was conducted on 100 patients proved as having SLE who attended inpatient department (IPD) of Internal Medicine Rheumatology unit at Assiut University Hospitals patients were submitted to clinical examination, laboratory testing for fasting blood glucose level, and renal function tests: serum creatinine and serum urea. Spot urine sample from each patient were taken to measure urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were
Summary
be calculated. Immunological markers: antinuclear antibodies (ANA), antidouble- stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA.