الفهرس 
Title : Echocardiography of clinically normal dogs
AbstractOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This study was to establish the normal reference echocardiographic values for three dog breeds, and to determine the effect of breed, gender and body weights on echocardio-graphic parameters. VHS to evaluate the normal size of heart.ECG to detect the normal heart function. M-mode, two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography were performed on 42clinically healthy dogs including [20 German shepherd, 12 Golden Retriever and 10 Rott-weiler]. Echocardiographic measurements as, left ventricle internal diameter (LVD), as well as left atrial internal diameter (LAD) and aortic diameter (AOD) in early diastole, LAD: AOD ratio was calculated. Fraction shortening (FS) percentage and ejection fraction (EF) percentage, as well as, Mean range and standard deviation of measurements were calculated for the three dog breeds