الفهرس 
Effect of cryotherapy on pain intensity among adult patient receiving intramuscular injections
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Abstract
Background: Intramuscular injection (IMI) is most frequently used but causing painful experience for many individuals. Patients with chronic disease are experiencing repeated injection which let them escape, sometimes faint, to keep away from visiting the doctor, or even refuse essential treatments. Cryotherapy is generally named as cold application which is a simple and cheap therapy, and has been accepted for decades as an effective non-pharmacologic intervention for pain management. Aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of cryotherapy on pain intensity among adult patients receiving IMI. Subject and Methods: Quasi-experimental time-series design was carried out in this study. The study was conducted in medical departments at Mansoura University Hospital. Total number of (100) participants were recruited for the purpose of the current study, using power analysis that correspond inclusion criteria. Structured interview questionnaire was used to collect data. (1) The socio-demographic and health data, (2) Universal pain assessment tool and (3) Checklist of nonverbal pain indicator (CNPI). Results showed significant positive relation of pain scores before and after the intervention. No relation was found between pain scores and patients socio-demographic and health characteristics. The study concluded that there was a significant positive effect of cryotherapy on reducing IMI pain. The hypothesis of the present study was accepted whereas patients who got cryotherapy communicated lower pain intensity in contrast with patients who did not get cryotherapy during IMI insertion. It was recommended that medical departments can apply cryotherapy technique to reduce needle puncture pain for IMI in routine care