الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This chapter is focused on the definition of ceramic materials, their classification and general properties in addition to a brief about ceramic matrix composites and their types. This chapter also includes the definition of nanomaterials, classifications and types of filler materials, dispersion of nanofillers, chemical synthesis of nanomaterials and back ground of ceramic tiles (types, manufacturing process, physical properties, mechanical properties, etc.). This chapter also presents definition of radiation, classification of radiation, properties of γ- rays, mechanism of attenuation, attenuation coefficients, types of detectors and shielding of γ- rays. A review of attenuation and shielding by ceramic composite materials and aim of the work are also included in this chapter.This chapter presents the experimental part of this thesis. The chemicals, materials, solutions, and their resources are presented. The instrumentations and techniques are also described. The procedure for synthesis lead monoxide bulk material (bulk PbO), lead oxide nanoparticles (PbO NPs), standard ceramic tiles and ceramic tile filled with different weight fraction of either bulk PbO or PbO NPs are explained in this chapter. Instrumentations of radioactivity especially NaI (Tl) scintillation detector and instrumentation for measuring the physical and mechanical properties of the prepared ceramic tile samples are explained in details in this chapter.