الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Heavy metals, chemically speaking, attribute to metals and metalloids that possess an atomic mass greater than 20 and a specific gravity higher than 5, such as mercury (Hg cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and zinc Zn) (Briffa et al., 2020). Whereas, from a biological perspective, “heavy” describes a series of metals, that even in low concentrations have noxious impact on animals, plants and humans due to their hazardous bioaccumulation ability through the food chains via different crops which are irrigated with contaminated water. Contrary to organic pollutants heavy metal pollution is covert, persistent, and irreversible (Li et al., 2019). Consequently removing these pollutants through adequate wastewater treatment systems has become a worldwide concern since they cannot be degraded, causing damages and extended effects in the ecosystems (Contreras-Cortés et al., 2020).In recent years, fungi biomass has received special consideration. Many reports have revealed that mycelium of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Fusarium and Trichoderma display a heavy metal removal efficiency (Yaghoubian et al., 2019). Fungi are the superior biosorbent to other microorganisms for removal of heavy metals, since they have abundant functional groups as carboxyl, amine, hydroxyl, sulfonate and phosphate, which are responsible for heavy metal sorption in the wall of fungi, also they can be easily grown and genetic and morphological manipulation is possible (Shakya et al., 2015; Şenol et al 2021). Fungi possess a unique advantage over bacteria because a single conidium can produce much higher amounts of mycelial biomass than a single bacterial cell (Contreras-Cortés et al., 2020).