الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Patients with chronic renal disease experience a high rate of morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular disease (CKD). A risk factor for death in the general population, peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a powerful predictor of coronary artery disease.
People with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are more likely than people with normal renal function to acquire peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and its detrimental effects on their health. Patients with CKD frequently have the traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis (such as age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia), but CKD also imposes extra particular risk factors that encourage arterial development (e.g., chronic inflammation, hypoalbuminemia and a pro-calcific state).
The difficulties in diagnosing PAD, the difficulties in managing two major comorbid conditions, the delay in referral to a vascular specialist, and the gradual onset of PAD treatment in CKD patients are all detrimental to current nephrology clinical practice.
Due to increase in the life expectancy, there is high prevalence of the elderly population. As the increasing age was suggested as a risk factor that is associated with worse outcomes in CKD patients including PAD.
The aim of the work is to reveal the prevalence of the peripheral vascular disease in the elderly patients with chronic kidney disease.
The study included one hundred patients aged 65 years who were diagnosed with CKD stage 3 or above who were randomly chosen from Internal medicine units, geriatric unit and outpatient clinics at Alexandria University Hospital.
After obtaining of a written informed consent, all the subjects were subjected to full history taking and clinical examination that includes general examination and local examination. All participating patients underwent complete geriatric assessment (CGA) involving instruments for functional status. The ankle-brachial index (ABI) was used to estimate the prevalence of PAD, and an ABI of less than 0.9 was considered to have PAD.
Laboratory investigations, duplex Ultrasound, resting ECG and echocardiography were done in all the cases.