الفهرس 
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Abstract
Endometritis, an infection or inflammation of the endometrium, is the leading cause of mare subfertility. This study aimed to determine the alterations in the follicle’s vascularization (blue, red, and total area/pixels), ovarian arteries hemodynamics (blood flow velcoties, blood flow voulme, and Doppler indices), wall thickness, and uterine diameters following the use of silver oxide nanoparticles (AgONPs) as an intrauterine infusion to treat chronic endometritis in mares. Eight pluriparous mares were diagnosed with chronic endometritis based on ultrasonographic, cytology, bacteriological examination, and transrectal palpation. Samples (cytological, bacteriological, and blood) were taken on Day -2 (follicular phase), day 7 (1st dose of AgONPs), 14 (2nd dose of AgONPs), and day 21. Blood samples were collected for hormonal assaying. Blood sera were used to assay cortisol, estradiol 17 α (E2), progesterone (P4), horse myeloperoxidase (MPO), and interlukin 10 (IL-10). The uterine and ovarian arteries’ time average mean velocity (TAMV), blood flow volume (BFV), pulstility index (PI), resistance index (RI), peak velocity point (PVP), end velocity point (EVP), and blood flow rate (BFR) were determined, in addition to uterine thickness and arteries morphomtery (diameter, circumference, and area). Statistical analysis was done to study the effect of treatment on the second POF wall thickness, POF diameter, OV A. morphometry, hormonal alterations, and blood flow estimated by colored area and pulsed-wave Doppler in the ovarian artery using repeated measure ANOVA before and after treatment. The results demonstrated a significant decrease in BFV and TAMV values of the uterine (P< 0.001; P< 0.05, respectively) and ovarian arteries (P< 0.0001) on day 21. A non-significant change in either cortisol or IL-10 was noticed throughout the treatment. A decline in Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and hemolytic Escherichia was determined after AgONPs treatment at day 21 (0.5×103, 300 ×10, and 5×10, respectively) compared to before at Day -2 (5.4 ×103, 1.9×106, and 2.5×102, respectively). The upcoming preovulatory follicle (subordinate future POF) wall thickness, uterine horn (UH), and uterine body (UB) thicknesses were decreased (P<0.05) after the second dose of treatment (2.45±0.03 mm) at day 21 compared to before. Ipsilateral ovarian artery to upcoming subordinate future POF diameter (mm), circumference (mm), area (mm2), and colored area were elevated (P<0.05) after treatment with a marked reduction in Estradiol 17 α (E2; pg/mL), progesterone (P4; ng/mL), and equine myeloperoxidase (MPO; ng/mL) activities. In conclusion, this study proposed a novel treatment for chronic endometritis by demonstrating the effects of AgONPs on follicular vascular supply and their subsequent effects on the future oocyte quality that directly enhances mare fertility regarding their effects on the uterine blood flow.