الفهرس 
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Abstract
Compounds that are added to food in order to improve or retain its flavor are known as food additives. With the spread of processed foods in the second half of the twentieth century, many additives, both natural and artificial, were added. Chemicals known as food preservatives prevent the formation of yeast, mold and bacteria on food. In the market, more than 3000 chemicals and preservatives are used as antioxidants, colorants, artificial sweeteners, antibacterials, etc. Recent research has shown the many negative effects of these chemicals. Plant material have been known to be used in the management of degenerative diseases (such as mental illness, microbial infection, cancer) so many people in developing countries depend on herbal medicine.
Since ancient times, people have used medicines and other curative/preventive goods to treat diseases. The use and recognition of herbal medicine and botanical medicine is widespread throughout the world. The largest supply of medicinal media and chemical entities for synthetic medicines, nutrients, dietary supplements, traditional medicinal systems and modern medicines comes from medicinal plants.
Two types of plants were used, F.carica and C.citratus leaves, and extracts of these leaves were made from different solvents, namely ethanol (80% v/v), ethyl acetate and hexane. Those extracts with the highest amount of phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity were compared. During the estimations, it was found that the highest content of these compounds was in C.citratus extract with ethyl acetate, while F.carica leaves were with hexane methanol, as well as GC-mass analysis of these two extracts and identification of some compounds and the biological importance of these compounds and these two extracts were applied to mice as protective agents for harmful food additives.
The experiments were carried out in Agricultural Chemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University. The animals were housed in plastic cages. The rats were kept under normal healthy laboratory conditions. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 294 ±19g, aged 7-9 weeks.
Results.
1. Effect of C.citratus ethyl acetate and F.carica hexane leave extracts on body weight gain, relative weight of liver and kidneyt of rats treated with Suc, Asp and SB:
The body weight gain was significantly increased in the Suc, Asp and SB treated groups compared to the control while, pretreated groups with ethyl acetate C.citratus and hexane F.carica extracts lowered significantly compared to Suc, Asp and SB groups. However, C.citratus and F.carica extracts alone unsignificantly increased the body weight gain in comparison with control group. The relative weight of liver in treated groups was not significantly different, while the kidneys recorded significantly increased in comparison with control group. Pretreated groups with C.citratus and F.carica extracts the relative weight of the liver and kidney were improved.
2.Effect of C.citratus ethyl acetate and F.carica hexane leave extracts on some biochemical parameters in serum of rats treated with SUC, ASP and SB:
A significant increase in ALT, AST, ALP and glucose occurred while the levels of T protein, albumin and insulin were low in SUC, ASP and SB treated mice compared with the control group except for T. Protein with SUC and albumin with SUC and ASP are not significant. However, serum levels of these biomarkers showed a significant decrease. While it showed a significant increase in the levels of T. protein, albumin and insulin in mice pre-treated with F. carica hexane and C.citratus ethyl acetate extracts compared with SUC, ASP and SB treated groups. However, treatment with only two extracts did not show any significant changes in all variables when compared to the control group.
3. Effect of C.citratus and F.carica extracts extracts on kidney functions parameters (Urea, Creatinine and Uric acid) in serum of rats treated with Suc, Asp and SB :
Suc, Asp and SB treated rats had significantly increased renal marker concentrations of urea, creatinine and uric acid compared to control mice. On the other hand, these markers were significantly reduced in the groups treated with F. carica hexane, and C. citratus ethyl acetate leaf extract before receiving Suc, Asp and SB.
4. Effect of C.citratus and F.carica extracts extracts on lipid profile parameters in serum of rats treated with Suc, Asp and SB :
Rats administered Suc, Asp, and SB showed significantly greater TC, TG, and LDL levels than the control group, but significantly lower levels of HDL. Contrarily, administration of F. carica and C. citratus leaf extracts prior to Suc, Asp, and SB administration significantly improved all of these lipid profile parameters when compared to groups treated with Suc, Asp, and SB. The levels of TC, TG, HDL, and LDL in rats treated with C. citratus and F. carica extracts alone did not differ significantly from the control.
5. Oxidative stress parameters:
Oral administration of SUC, ASP and SB resulted in elevated MDA levels that were statistically significant in both liver and kidney tissues, while liver and kidney SOD activity was significantly decreased compared to the control group. Six weeks of oral administration of F. carica, C. citrates leaf extracts with SUC, ASP, and SB showed significant improvement compared to the SUC, ASP, and SB treated groups. In addition, animals given F. carica and C. citrates extracts alone had no effect.
6. Histological examination
Histological changes were screened to support the tested biochemical markers of organs injury. The histopathological results showed that F. carica, C. citrates leaf extracts alone was found to be safe and did not induce any histopathological changes in liver and kidney. While, pretreated groups with F. carica, C. citrates leave extracts was partially prevented and markedly reduced as a protective or therapeutic agent when compared to the liver and kidneys of rats of the groups that received Suc, Asp, and SB.