الفهرس 
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unique among cancers because 90% of HCCs develop in the context of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. HCC is thought to account for more than 5% of all cancers and for 80-90% of primary liver cancers. It is the third most common cause of death globally after cardiovascular diseases and accidents due to its poor prognosis (Ren et al., 2020), further studies elucidated that HCC occurs in males 2-3 times higher than in females (Abudeif, 2019). The main causative factors contributing to the disease have been chronic alcohol abuse, infection with hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus and food contaminations (Lohitesh et al., 2018). As a consequence of such varied etiologies, HCC is a heterogeneous malignancy with complex carcinogenesis.
Additionally, despite advances in development of early detection methodologies, the ineffective and expensive procedures available for treatment of HCC. Since most HCC patients are diagnosed at the end-stage of liver dysfunction, the mortality rate is approximately the same as the incidence rate (Fattovich et al., 2004). Thereupon, early detection of HCC is of paramount importance to improve the survival of affected patients (Zhou et al., 2012). HCC is generally recognized as being chemoresistant, therefore, the development of a novel effective therapy for HCC is urgently needed.