الفهرس 
GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND REVIEWOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Rodents are one of the most important pest groups in Egypt which causes great hazards. Chemical compounds such as carbamates used as broad-spectrum pest control but they cause serious dangers to the environment and humans. So, there are new trends for using natural materials as an alternative source to chemical pesticides.
Thus, the current study aimed to shed more light on the effect of using Zingiber officinale ethanolic and aqueous extracts as alternatives to conventional rodenticides against mature male albino rats in a comparison with methomyl as a reference standard pesticide.
The present thesis consists of:
INTRODUCTION & REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
It gives a general idea about rodent’s hazards and the purpose of using Zingiber officinale as an alternative to chemical pesticides& literature survey of the studied plant and methomyl.
EXPERIMENTAL:
Include two parts; the first part gives the materials used while, the second part gives methods of the experiments.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
Include two parts:
(A) Chemical studies:
(1) Quantitative phytochemical screening of Zingiber officinale:
(a) Determination of total alkaloids
Bromocresol green (BCG) dye was used to estimate the total alkaloids.
(b) Determination of total phenols:
The amount of total phenols in the plant was determined by Folin-Ciocateu method.
(c) Determination of tannins:
The amount of tannins in the plant was determined by Folin-Ciocateu method.
(d) Determination of total flavonoids:
Total flavonoids content was measured by the aluminum chloride colorimetric method.
The results indicated that the phytoconstituents with the highest quantity were flavonoids followed by alkaloids then phenols and tannins.
(f) Determination of total saponins:
Total saponins content was measured according to Naym method through Whatman filter paper & evaporation dish.
(2) GC-MS analysis of H. curassavicum acetonic extract:
The chemical investigation of the bioactive fractions for the aqueous and ethanolic extracts for the rhizomes of (Zingiber officinale), which resulted in the characterization of (32) compound for the aqueous extract and (65) compounds for the ethanolic extract which were identified using GC-MS analysis. Among the 65 compounds revealed by GC-MS analysis, zingiberene was the principal constituent comprising 16.68% of the total extract content. Other major compounds present in the extract were β-sedrene (8.21%), α-farnesene (6.32%), 3-penten-2-one, 4-(2,2,6-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-l-yl)-, (E)-(5.53%), β-bisabolene (5.35%), zingerone (4.09%), α -curcumene (3.38%), geraniol (3.08%), 1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione, l,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-(2.83%), 4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-(2.75%), gingerol (2.61%), ( + )-[6]-gingerol (1.83%), 6-(3,5-dirriethyl-furan-2-yl)-6-methyl-hept-3-en-2-one (1.65%), trans-citral (1.512%), (R)-(+)-citronllol (1.47%), dihydro-capsaicin (1.41%), trans-10-shogaol (1.45%), (O)-paradol (l.32%), glycerol acetate (1.12%), 2-butanone, 4- (4-hydroxy-3- methoxyphenyl)- (1.11%), (E,E,E)- 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhex-adeca-l,3,6,10,14-pentaene (1.10%), 3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one (1.06%), germacra-l(10),4(15), 5-Triene, (-)-(1.05%), zingiberenol (1.01%) and β-citral (1.02%).
(3) LC-MS analysis Zingiber officinale aqueous& ethanolic extract:
Revealed the presence of sixteen compounds. The major compounds were shogaols, paradols and gingerdiones.
Mass spectrum explanation of GC/MS and LC/MS was made via the database of National Institute Standard and Technology (NIST) in which, the mass spectrum of the unknown component was compared with the spectrum of the known components stored in the NIST library. The confirmation of structure and mass characterization was carried out using mass bank database.
(B) Toxicological studies:
(1) Estimation LD50 of ethanolic& aqueous Zingiber officinale extracts:
The LD50 of aqueous and ethanolic extracts in rats by using Karber’s arithmetic method was 12.5 and 17.7 gm/kg, respectively.
(1) Subchronic toxicity studies:
The animals were classified into seven groups each one contains three rats (aqueous and ethanolic extracts tween 80, vegetable oil& distilled water), respectively. The experiment terminated after 28 days from the first administration, where the animals were sacrificed.
(C) Biochemical studies:
(a) Effect of tested materials on liver enzymes & Acetylcholin esterase (AchE):
There was a significant increase in serum levels of ALT, AST& ALP and in all treated groups compared to the control groups. Methomyl groups showed the highest significant increase then the aqueous and ethanolic group, but decline with ginger extract treatments.
(b) Effect of tested materials on glucose, soluble protein and albumin:
Methomyl group showed the highest significant increment in total lipids level followed by the co-administrated group then the acetonic and methanolic group. In addition, methomyl treated group showed the higher significant increase in total soluble proteins serum level, there was no significant difference in groups treated with ethanolic extract.
(c) Effect of tested materials on the kidney functions:
the results indicate that methomyl treatment resulted in a significant increase in the urea level by methomyl treatments compared with the control group.
This revealed that, the pesticides tested may be caused a great damage to the kidney, the creatinine value was highly elevated by methomyl treatment.
(d) Effect of tested materials on some hematological parameters of albino rats:
These findings demonstrated that, the extracts of Zingiber officinale possesses anticoagulant properties through prevention of coagulation process and clot formation. Also, sever bleeding for rats with all methomyl treatments.
RBCs count decreasing post treatment with methomyl, while ginger induced an increasing for aquas and ethanolic extracts in treated rats compared to control.
Hb level exhibited significant decrease in methomyl post treatment to but decreased to in ethanolic ginger extract compared to control value
HCT% significant decrease showed at all methomyl doses. Ginger extracts exhibited a continual increase in HCT%.
MCV, MCH& RDW% showed a continual gradually significant decrease along the experimental period, with all concentrations of methomyl, with slight increasing with ginger extracts post orally dosing.
Significant reduction of neutrophils, lymphocyte& mixed cells percentage in rat treated with methomyl. More ever the ethanolic ginger doses induced an elevation in neutrophils % and reduced for aquas extract.
(D) Histopathological findings:
For methomyl administrations the examined sections from liver of this group denoted moderate portal biliary proliferation, congestion of portal blood vessels, round cell infiltration, multifocal interstitial lymphocytic and macrophages aggregations replacing previous necrotic patches beside degenerative changes in a few hepatocytes, and the sections from kidneys of this group revealed moderate congestion of the renal blood vessels and capillaries associated with perivascular edema. The renal tubules showed marked tubular degeneration, particularly in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, with early necrotic changes in some cells. Examined sections from heart revealed mild to moderate degenerative changes in some cardiomyocytes mainly hyaline degeneration and fatty change associated with focal cardiomyocytic. The coronary and intermuscular blood vessels showed marked perivascular edema associated with hyalinization of their muscular intima.
In case of ginger extracts administration, the examined serial sections for the liver denoted apparently normal hepatic parenchyma, lobular arrangement, portal triads structures, vascular tributaries and biliary tree, however some sections showed vascular dilatation and mild portal round cells aggregation. Meanwhile sectors from kidney and heart revealed apparently normal histo-morphology of the corresponding tissues respectively, a part of mild to moderate vascular dilatation and blood engorgement in both tissues.
CONCLUSION
The presented data showed the importance of naturally origin compounds especially those derived from plants. It also indicates probability of using Zingiber officinale extracts that have the possibility to play an important role as rodenticide on rats compared to the conventional rodenticide. The necessity of carrying out further studies to evaluate the feasibility and economic sides of Zingiber officinal on rats need to be emphasize.