الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Trauma is an important cause of death in all ages and requires a rapid and systematic approach to minimize mortality. Trauma is injury caused by physical force and makes up a significant proportion of the emergency department caseload Trauma to the chest comes with the highest mortality; in some studies, up to 60%.
Chest trauma can be a result of penetrating or blunt trauma. Blunt trauma, overall, is more common cause of traumatic injuries and can be equally life threatening. Patients with trauma to the chest present with a spectrum of manifestations, including pulmonary contusion, hemothorax, pneumothorax, and flail chest, the severity ranging from relatively trivial to life-threatening. Rib fracture is the most common injury in patients with chest trauma.
Estimation of severity of trauma is a useful strategy not only to predict in-hospital mortality, but also to define the amount of technical and scientific resources that a patient may need during attendance.
Various chest trauma-scoring systems have been developed to predict the outcomes and the adverse effects of chest trauma. A prognostic scoring system makes it easier to manage by directing resources. The Thoracic Trauma Severity Score (TTSS) and Chest Trauma Score (CTS) are prognosing and promising systems in predicting chest wall injuries.
The Thoracic Trauma Severity Score (TTSS) is a scale that included both anatomical and functional parameters. The purpose of the scale was to help emergency medical evaluation in identifying trauma patients at risk of pulmonary complications, using parameters available during the initial evaluation which could be applied in primary and secondary level hospitals.
The Chest Trauma Score (CTS) was derived from number of factors, it can