الفهرس 
Diabetes mellitusOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Lipoprotein (a) [Lp (a)] is a circulating lipoprotein in which the constituent apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB100) on an LDL particle is modified by the covalent addition of another protein, namely, apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)].
Lp (a) is resulted from the binding of a molecule of low density lipoproteins cholesterol (c-LDL), with a glycoprotein known as apoprotein (a) [apo(a)], via a disulfide bridge. The plasma concentration of Lp(a) is kept almost constant in each individual over the course of their life, since it is determined genetically. There are different plasma isoforms of apo(a), and the concentration of Lp(a) is inversely proportional to the size of these.
It has become apparent that apoB-containing lipoproteins are atherogenic and are causally associated with an increased risk of CVD. Thus, Lp(a) has emerged as a novel promising target in the treatment of CVD.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) chronic vascular complications are microvascular nephropathy and retinopathy, and macro vascular coronary heart disease; cerebral vascular disease and peripheral vasculopathy: intermittent claudication and/or atherosclerosis lesions of lower-limb arteries diseases, these latter being associated with the presence of atherosclerosis. It has been demonstrated that increased serum levels of Lp(a) represent a risk factor for CHD; in particular, two variants of Lp(a) have been identified that are strongly associated with an increase of the serum levels of Lp(a) and with the risk of CHD.
Cardiovascular disease has become a major cause of death worldwide. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is known to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of CVD, and decreases in plasma LDL-C levels result in significant reductions in CVD-related morbidity and mortality.
The European Society of Cardiology guidelines recommended measuring Lp(a) levels in selected patients at intermediate or high risk of CVD and associate values above the cut off of 50 mg/dL with a very high cardiovascular risk. Patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes are at high risk of recurrent CVD events and need intensive lipid lowering therapies to lower LDL cholesterol (LDL C) and improve their prognosis. This is especially true for patients with familial hypercholesterolemia who have a higher risk for recurrence of CVD events after an ACS.