الفهرس 
A systemic approach for supply chain improvement based on the design structure matrix
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Abstract
The major contribution of this thesis is to improve the systematic approach that uses The Design Structure Matrix (DSM). Different algorithms were used to enhance DSM performance by minimizing the numerical interaction density (NDd) value between the systems’ elements. Reaching the optimal clusters without failing in local optima is becoming a challenge due to discrete solution representation and search space in our problem. The results proved that the enhanced PSO (C-PSO) is over fitted all other algorithms (whether dealing with single or multi-objective problems) for this kind of problems with pure enhancement on convergence and diversity of better finding global optimal solution and preventing from stocking in local optimal solution only