الفهرس 
Fabrication and characterization of metal / metal oxide nanostructured polyaniline-based electrodes for formic acid fuel cell
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Abstract
Research is moving rapidly to sustain convenient energy resources fulfilling the global climate legislations. Herein, a group of novel catalysts of platinum (PtNPs), palladium (PdNPs), binary Pt/Pd and binary nickel oxide with Pt nanoparticles (PtNPs) dispersed onto polyaniline (PANi) is recommended for formic acid electro-oxidation (FAO); the fundamental anodic reaction in direct formic acid fuel cells (DFAFCs). PANi, in particular, has received exceptional attention owing to its large surface area, simple and low-cost production, outstanding tunable electronic and electrical conductivity, perfect mechanical and chemical (below 100 OC) stability, that associate a wonderful conjugated polymeric structure. The catalyst{u2019}s preparation scheme allows a sequential electrodeposition of fibril PANi and spherical PtNPs, PdNPs and NiOx on a glassy carbon (GC) substrate and permits a precise control over the deposition sequence and loading. Interestingly, incorporation of PANi into the catalyst{u2019}s ingredients can significantly improve the catalytic activity of the catalysts towards FAO by shifting the mechanism towards the desirable dehydrogenation pathway and mitigating the undesirable poisoning dehydration pathway. The catalytic efficiency is tuned by manipulating the deposition order and loading of different catalyst{u2019}s ingredients. Several techniques are employed to confirm the successful deposition of the catalysts and to evaluate its morphology, composition and crystal structure. While PtNPs and PdNPs are essential for FA adsorption, PANi improves the dispersion of them beside NiOx particles and mediates FAO to facilitate the charge transfer and mitigate CO poisoning. A promising catalytic stability is achieved in a long continuous electrolysis experiment