الفهرس 
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Abstract
The purpose of this research was to examine the impact of a skewed sleep schedule on the histological structure of the adrenal cortex in adult male albino rats and to provide light on the numerous processes by which this damage occurs.
Sixty 12weekold male Wistar albino rats (weighing about 200250 gm) were used in the investigation.
The animals were separated into two categories (30 rats each).
The first group served as a control and was maintained in isolation with a constant lightdark cycle (12 h– 12 h).
The second group spent four weeks subjected to a reversed lightdark cycle of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of dark.
At the end of the experiment, the adrenal glands of the rats were extracted and processed for histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analysis, and blood samples were taken.
The levels of (i)Nos, (ii)Bax, and (iii)Bcl2 immunoreactivity in each of the three adrenal zones were also assessed.
There was a substantial rise in adrenal MDA level (oxidative stress biomarker) in the inverted sleep group (150 12 g/mL) as compared to the control group (85 6 g/mL), (P 0.05), and the data suggested that corticosterone levels were greater with inverted sleep.
Furthermore, the activity of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and GSH in the adrenal gland were significantly lower in the inverted sleep group than in the control group (28 3, 1.4 0.1, and 0.6 0.05 U/mL vs. 42 4, 2.3 0.4, and 0.9 0.1 U/mL, respectively; P 0.05).
The inverted sleep group also had higher levels of TNF and IL 1 in their adrenal glands than the control group (22.9 3.2 & 16.3 1.4 pg/ml vs. 22.9 3.2 & 16.3 1.4 pg/ml, respectively; P 0.05).
Almost all cortical cells seemed inflated and vacuolated, and regions of hydropic and hyaline degeneration were seen in the adrenal cortex of the inverted sleep group, indicating adrenocortical hyper stimulation and/or degeneration.
Wide variation was also seen in the size, shape, and density of pyknoti nuclei.
It was easy to see that the sinusoidal capillaries were swollen.
Alterations in lamellar separation and capsular hyperplasia were also seen.
Using charcoal injection, researchers were able to see numerous macrophage cells with dense cytoplasmic stain in the cortex of the inverted sleep group’s adrenal gland. Meanwhile, toulidune blue revealed the presence of mast cells with their characteristic purple granules, showing that inflammation was present.
Using immunohistochemistry, we found that group II had significantly higher levels of iNOS immunoreaction in the zona glomerulosa (45.322.02), zona fasciculata (32.512.41), and zona reticularis (40.540.74) than group I (18.870.3), (11.321.76), (5.970.03), and that group II also had significantly higher levels of BAX immunoreaction in the zona glomerulos
A higher Bax/Bcl 2 ratio was observed, suggesting that inverted sleep pattern upregulates Bax expression while drastically downregulating Bcl 2 expression.
The ultrastructural analysis revealed obvious morphological alterations indicative of apoptosis, including cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation altering the nuclear contour, and nuclear fragmentation.
The cells’ uneven shape and vacuolated cytoplasm indicated deformation.
Other abnormalities seen were lysosomes, enlarged smooth endoplasmic reticulum, a clogged blood artery, and several degenerated mitochondria with damaged cristae.
Large numbers of coalesced lipid droplets of varying sizes were seen, most notably in the zona fasciculate.
Conclusion
The current research revealed morphological evidence that exposure to prolonged inverted sleep pattern induced histological abnormalities in the adrenal cortex through hyperactivation of hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal axis as well as release of oxidative stress products and inflammatory cells in the adrenocortical tissues, lending credence to the idea that circadian desynchrony, which is common among those who work night shifts, is likely a risk factor for adrenal gland dysfunction and impotence.