الفهرس 
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Abstract
Congenital fetal anomalies include metabolic abnormalities and are postnatal structural or functional deviations from normal. These anomalies might be the consequence of flawed embryogenesis or inherent flaws in the growth process. Birth defects may be isolated or combined in a syndromic fashion, and they can also be a major factor in a newborn’s impairment or even death.
Prenatal care primarily intended to detect congenital fetal abnormalities A healthy baby’s postnatal result is the main justification for using ultrasonography throughout pregnancy. Congenital anomalies include a variety of risk factors, including maternal advanced age, a prior anomalistic infant, a family history of abnormal births, consanguinity, maternal illnesses, drug addiction, virus infections, and ionizing radiation exposure. The foundation of local health records for use in preventative initiatives in the future may be the identification of birth abnormalities.
The prevention and treatment of genetically related anomalies should follow a well-rounded, integrated strategy that makes use of the greatest curative and preventative tools available, such as community education screening programs, genetic counseling, and early detection tools. Any effective public health intervention, especially in low-resource populations, depends on effective screening programs (registries and databases) and ongoing investment in genetic research.
At 12- 14 and 18–22 weeks of pregnancy, prenatal screening utilizing ultrasonography for the diagnosis of fetal malformations should begin. Although routine fetal anomalies scans are very helpful in detecting fetal anomalies, they do not always reveal all anomalies because not all anomalies are visible at the time of the scan when the ultrasound tool was used. Additionally, the scan itself is operator dependent and heavily dependent on the effective machines that are currently on the market. It may be challenging to scan certain fetuses clearly for a variety of reasons, such as oligohydramnios or maternal obesity.
The primary goal of this research was to examine congenital abnormalities of the central nervous system and their relationships to renal congenital abnormalities.
The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Al-Minya University’s maternity hospital carried out this cross-sectional observational prospective research. Study period runs from 2021 to 2022. According to the congenital defects detected by prenatal ultrasonography, the research group was split into three groups.
The main results of the study revealed that:
A total of 11 CNS anomalies in 100 fetuses were identified. Fifty fetuses had isolated CNS anomalies and another fifty had CNS anomalies associated with renal anomalies. Overall, the most common congenital anomalies were ventriculomegaly and anencephaly which were reported in 27 (27%) and 17 (17%) fetuses, respectively. The least common congenital defect, however, was agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC), which was documented in one foetus representing 1% of the population. There was no statistically significant difference between any CNS aberration’s presentation as a single or combined anomaly (Chi-square test, P =.880).
In terms of the overall incidence of CNS malformations, there was no statistically significant difference between male and female fetuses (Chi-square test, P =.061).
In 100 fetuses, nine kidney abnormalities in all were found. 50 fetuses had renal malformations that were isolated, while another 50 had renal defects that were linked to CNS anomalies. Cystic kidney diseases, such as multi-cystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), were the most prevalent renal congenital anomalies overall (39 percent), followed by pelviureteric junction obstruction (PUJO), which was reported in 17 (17 percent) fetuses. The least common congenital defects, on the other hand, were the horseshoe kidney and malrotation, which represented 4% and 1%, respectively.
In terms of the overall incidence of renal abnormalities, there was no statistically significant difference between male and female fetuses (Chi-square test, P =.081).
Association patterns of different reported CNS anomalies. Cystic renal malformations were found as a common association with ventriculomegaly (26%), anencephaly (29%), myelomeningocele (30%), arachnoid cyst (25%), DWM (20%), and encephalocele (9%). Obstructive renal anomalies were found as a common association with holoprosencephaly (67%), encephalocele (36%), microcephaly (27%), meningocele (25%), ventriculomegaly (15%), arachnoid cyst (13%), myelomeningocele (10%), and anencephaly (6%). Renal agenesis was found as a common association with arachnoid cyst (13%), anencephaly (12%), and ventriculomegaly (8%). Megacystis was found as a common association with SCT (33%), myelomeningocele (10%), anencephaly (6%), and ventriculomegaly (4%). Morphological malformations were only associated with ventriculomegaly (7%). ACC was only presented as an isolated CNS anomaly.
In order to underline our findings, we advise future research using bigger patient populations and longer follow-up intervals.