الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Epilepsy is a brain disorder where a person has recurring seizures. The seizures are triggered by changes in the electrical and chemical activity in the brain. Seizures can be caused by anything that injures the brain, including head injuries, infections and poisoning or even brain development problems prior to birth.
Seizures (sometimes called epileptic seizures) are the stereotypical clinical manifestations (signs and symptoms) of excessive synchronous, usually self-limited, abnormal electrical activity of neurons situated in the cerebral cortex. Epilepsy is defined as 2 or more unprovoked afebrile seizures (International League against Epilepsy). Childhood epilepsy syndrome: This means their epilepsy has specific characteristics. These can include the type of seizure or seizures they have, the age when the seizures started and the specific results of an electroencephalogram (EEG) .
Valproic acid was the most frequently prescribed AED followed by carbamazepine. Dual therapy included several combinations of AEDs. The most common combination was valproic acid with carbamazepine, the second most common were 2 combinations namely: carbamazepine with levetiracetam and valproic acid with levetiracetam. It was identified a number of circulatory biomarkers that are related to risks of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases, including lipid profiles, lipoproteins, C-reactive protein (CRP), total homocysteine (tHcy), and uric acid from patients with epilepsy who are receiving AED therapy.