الفهرس 
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Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L., syn. Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is the second most important crop next potato, and it is widely cultivated throughout the world (Celma et al., 2009 and Akhtar et al., 2016). Egypt production of tomato was placed sixth with a global tomato production, which constituting 3.74 % of all global production in 2019, as well as, it leads the Africa tomato production, which was 31.17 % of total Africa production.
Recently, tomato production of Egypt was increased and reached 6.8 million tons from 173276 hectares with an average production of 38.97 ton/hectare through 2021 season (FAOSTAT, 2021). As it is a relatively short duration crop and gives a high yield, it is economically attractive and the area under cultivation is increasing. Tomato is rich in minerals, vitamins, essential amino acids, sugars and dietary fibers (Noonari et al., 2015). So the fruit was considered a functional food that meets basic nutritional requirements.
The tomato crop is susceptible to bacterial, viral, nematode, and fungal diseases, among the fungal diseases, is early blight caused by Alternaria solani and considered one of the most devastating diseases affecting tomato, decreasing its productivity by 80% (Khan et al., 2012 and Malik et al., 2014). Early blight is difficult to control because of its capacity to produce huge amounts of secondary inoculum, variability in pathogenic isolates, prolonged active disease cycle phase and broad host range. In order to suppress early blight and to prevent the losses, tomato fields were intensively sprayed with fungicides.
Fungicides have been used to control fungi and diseases because of their economy and fast effect, however, they may represent environmental and health risks. Therefore, there is a need to use new techniques for the more efficient control of pathogens without environmental risks (Bramhanwade et al., 2016).
The field of nanotechnology(NT) has revolutionized almost all the aspects of human life, and their potential applications in industries such as agriculture, medicine, cosmetics, electronics, and textiles have recently gained momentum (Jain et al., 2020). NT has the potential to make changes in the agricultural and food industry, and could be a good tool for the treatment of diseases in plants through the use of nanomaterials (Thiruvengadam et al., 2018). Where, the nanoparticles exhibit antifungal, anticorrosive, antibacterial properties due to their smaller sizes and the high surface to volume ratio, i.e., large surface area of the nanoparticle enhances their interaction with the microbes to carry out broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities.
Today, NT is operating in various fields of science via its operation for materials and devices using different techniques at nanometer scale (Vaseem et al.