الفهرس 
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Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
The demand for food and other agricultural goods has expanded in Egypt during the past 50 years as a result of the country’s fast population expansion. Increased agricultural production in Egypt has received a lot of attention because just 50% of the country’s food requirements are met locally. Two basic approaches—the intensive cultivation of productive lands using carefully controlled technology and the reclamation of enormous desert areas as productive lands—can be used to accomplish this. Understanding the traits and distribution of the soils in these regions is crucial in both situations. Therefore, a system that can give decision-makers and policy planners accurate, pertinent, and timely information concerning soil and water resources is urgently needed. Agriculture is the most important sector for sustainable growth in Africa (World Bank, 2007), agricultural land is a complex system that combines social economy and natural ecology to provide adequate outputs, and the role of agriculture is crop yield (Andzo-Bika and Kamitewoko, 2004; Li and Yan, 2012; Kokoyeet al., 2013; Kumhálová and Moudr, 2014; Verburg, 2015; DeClerck, 2016; Rashed, 2016; Rasmussen, 2018 and Scownet al., 2019).
The main types of land degradation in Egypt are salinity, sodicity, compaction and water logging (El Baroudy, 2005; El Baroudy, 2010).Land degradation occurs on 34.4% of the middle Nile Delta, due to salinity and sodicity. To achieve agricultural sustainability efforts must involve proper soil management (Shalaby, 2013). (Nkonya et al., 2016) found that one of the most critical factors affecting land degradation is land cover change.
Soil salinization and sodification are the processes of enriching soil with soluble salts to produce salt-affected soil information. In irrigated places, soil salinity is becoming a severe problem for agriculture. The value and production of vast swaths of land around the world have been reduced due to saline soil conditions (Elhag, 2016). Salinity is typically found in irrigated soils as a result of the accumulation of soluble salts caused by the continuous use of irrigation waters with a high or medium concentration of dissolved salts (Jingwei et al., 2008, Allbed and Kumar, 2013). Salinization, sodification and compaction are the three main issues t