الفهرس 
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Abstract
No doubt that attention which paid to buffaloes’ corpus luteum (CL) is a reflection of the importance of reproductive cycle of buffaloes. Studying the molecular aspects of proliferation, apoptosis, and luteolytic signalling at various developmental stages of CL could improve reproductive potency in buffaloes. The current study aimed to (I) demonstrate the dynamic pattern of proliferative (PGR, AGTR1, and LHCGR) and apoptotic genes (TNFα, BAX, FASLG, CASP3, AGTR2, CALP, PTGS2 and PTGFR), in buffalo CL at various stages and show the seasonal influence on these genes during development and regression, (II) investigate the expression pattern of apoptotic and proliferative genes during various stages of CL development in Egyptian buffaloes, and (III) show the relative abundance of genes involved to proliferation and to elucidate alterations that happened during proliferation of CL in Egyptian buffaloes as well as serum progesterone and estradiol concentrations during same stages and SOD concentrations in CL homogenate. For this purpose, ovaries (n=70) were collected from 35 buffaloes during cold (THI<68) and hot (THI>68) seasons. According to morphology of CL, samples were divided into: early, mid, and late. For RNA isolation, small sections from CL at different stages were frozen at -80ºC as well as, nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations measurement. Data of the first experiment revealed the remarkable effect of seasons (hot & cold) on different stages of CL on the expression pattern of PGR, AGTR1, LHCGR, TNFα, BAX, AGTR2, CASP3, PTGS2 (COX2), cPLA2beta, NOS2 mRNA expression as well as P4 levels, NO in CL homogenate and SOD in CL homogenate. The expression of PGR, LHCGR, TNFα, BAX PTGS2 (COX2), cPLA2beta and NOS2 mRNA decreased at hot season (THI>68). The concentrations of NO in CL homogenate raised significantly in early and late stages of CL at hot (THI>68) season compared to the same stages during cold (THI<68) season. The results of second experiment showed that TNFα, CASP3 and FASLG mRNA as well as, P4 serum levels were up-regulated significantly in late stage of CL compared to early and mid-stages. The BAX and NOS2 gene was declined in a significant manner in mid and late stages of CL opposed to the expression of BAX mRNA in the early stage. The AGTR2 mRNA was up-regulated significantly in mid-stage of CL compared to early stage. The third experiment findings revealed that PGR mRNA was increased in early stage of CL compared to mid and late stages of CL. Furthermore, the LHCGR gene was decreased in late stage of CL opposed to mid-stage but less than the early stage. The AGTR1 expression profile was up-regulated in early stage of CL opposed to mid and late stages. The P4 concentrations raised in mid stage in comparison to early and mid-stages. The serum estradiol concentrations showed significant decrease in mid-stage of CL opposed to other stages. The results of SOD concentrations increased in late luteal stage of CL. Collectively, the molecular control shed the light on the regulation of CL which lead to increase potency of buffaloes’ fertility.