الفهرس 
INTRODUCTION AND AIM OF THE WORKOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
End stage renal disease (ESRD) is considered an overall general health issue related to increased morbidity & mortality.
The mortality rate among cases with ESRD who have been experiencing dialysis has been approximately seven times higher than for comparable cases in the general population and has been to a great extent related to cardiovascular causes.
Cardiac diseases have been common in cases with chronic kidney disease. About 75% of cases with CKD who begin dialysis have left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricle dilatation or diminished left ventricle functional shortening; these cardiac anomalies keep on progressing during the first year of hemodialysis. Besides these changes, impairment of diastolic function has been also expected in these cases.
For example, Left ventricular hypertrophy has been a very common pathological condition in cases with ESRD and considered as an independent risk variable for death and cardiac disease. Generally, many risk variables including uremic toxins, fluid retention & chronic volume over-load, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperparathyroidism, arteriovenous fistula and pressure over-overload were involved in the pathogenesis for LVH in cases with ESRD.
Renal transplantation is a well-established treatment for ESRD, allowing most patients to return to a satisfactory quality of life. It is the most acceptable treatment modality for the patients with ESRD, which improves some complications of renal failure such as chronic uremia and volume overload.