الفهرس 
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Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
The poultry industry is considered one of the strategic industries with an economic and social dimension, which includes large material investments and includes high human competencies, trained technical labor, and equipped poultry farms, and it contributes a large share to the national income of many countries, where the volume of investments in this industry is 90 billion pounds, according to statistics 2020, or about 8% of the Egyptian national income .
Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element in mammals, but it cannot be stored in the body, necessitating the need of a food supplement on a regular basis. Furthermore, feed ingredients are frequently insufficient in Cu; as a result, the commercial diet should deliver the necessary quantity of Cu in a biologically dynamic form, which is dependent on the physical and chemical qualities of the supplement form in which the Cu is provided in the diet (Commission 2003). Due to better bioavailability and stability in the upper gastrointestinal tract of hens, organic sources of Cu exhibit a reduction in excretion when compared to inorganic forms, nevertheless, results are inconsistent due to high cost and smaller supplementation doses than inorganic Cu (Bao and Choct., 2009)