الفهرس 
Title : Study on the role of lock therapy in emergence of microbial resistance and its improvement using radiation, biological and chemical agents for prevention of intravascular cathetermediated infections
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Abstract
The present study aimed at elucidating the relationship between the use of antibiotic lock therapy (ALT) and the incidence of antimicrobial resistance through the induction of biofilm formation, and finding alternative approaches to overcome the problems associated with the use of ALT. Therefore, pathogens were isolated from infected central venous catheter (CVCs) removed form ICUs{u2019} patients. Subsequently, the antibiogram and ability for biofilm formation by the isolates were studied. The main pathogens involved in catheter colonization were Gram-negative rods. Biofilm was detected in about 74% of the isolates. Cefepime lock showed good efficiency in eradicating biofilms by clinical strains; however, at sub-MIC levels, it upregulated the expression of certain biofilm genes and enhanced biofilm formation Fresh garlic extract (FGE) was tested as a lock therapy in an in vitro model at different concentrations, and exerted an excellent efficiency in combating biofilms, either for the prevention or elimination of catheter colonization. Moreover, it showed high efficiency in eradicating systemic and organs- specific infections in mice infected with either P. aeruginosa or MRSA without exhibiting any toxic effects at doses of 100 or 200 mg/kg. Alpha-amylase was also tested for its dispersal ability for biofilms against the tested strains, and showed good biofilm dispersal ability at a concentration of 100 mg/ml